Table 1.

Main morphologies reported with dimension, surface functionalities and application for water pollution monitoring and treatments.

Shape	Dimension (nm)	Surface Functionalization	Detection and Monitoring of Pollutant	Ref.
Spheres
	10–15	chalcone carboxylic acid	Cd(II)	[72]
	5–8	sodium 3-mercapto- 1-propanesulfonate	Co (II); Ni (II)	[26]
	-	methyl cellulose	Cu (II)	[74]
	10–20	Riboflavin	Hg (II)	[79]
	5–8	Citrate/L-cysteine	Hg (II)	[54]
	10–15	ciclodextrin	Hg (II)	[107]
	6	Thiol terminated chitosan	Hg (II)	[108]
	20	polyvinyl alcohol	Pb(II)	[73]
	9–10	gluconate	Pb(II)	[76]
	2	polyethyleneimine (PEI)	p-nitrophenol	[101]
	5–10	thioglycolic acid	6-benzylaminopurine	[77]
	-	citrate+hexapeptide	Malathion 1	[78]
	8–10	cyclen dithiocarbamate-	Thiram; paraquat 1	[102]
Cubes
	100	Poly(vinylpyrrolidone)	Paraoxon; thiram 1	[80]
	200	glycolaldeyde	-	[81]
	90–100	cetyltrimethylammoniumcloride	-	[82]
	40–80	Poly(vinylpyrrolidone)	-	[83]
	200–300	polyaniline	hemoglobin	[84]
	60–100	hexamine	Bis phenol	[85]
Stars
			glucose	[87]
	50–150	Lauryl sulfobetaine	Melamine	[86]
	180–250	Citrate/hydroxylamine	Congo Red	[88]
Rods
	150–250	--	antibiotic	[103]
	--	Cy5-ssDNA	Hg(II)	[104]
	30–200	--	Polyclorinated biphenyls	[105]
	10–20	poly(ethylene glycol)	mitoxantrone	[106]

¹ Pesticides.