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Oxidative stress in the retina (ROS: reactive oxygen species; 1△g: singlet oxygen; O2•−: superoxide; HO2•: hydroperoxyl; H2O2: hydrogen peroxide; •OH: hydroxyl; NADPH oxidase: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase; eNOS: endothelial nitric oxide synthase; SOD: superoxide dismutase; RGC: retinal ganglion cell; RPE: retinal pigment epithelium; DR: diabetic retinopathy; AMD: age-related macular degeneration).
