Table 2.
Utility of bone turnover markers (BTMs) within bone metastasis.
| Bone Turnover Marker | Application | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Bone Resorption Markers | ||
| N-Telopeptide of Type-I Collagen (NTX) | Diagnosis of bone metastasis—solid tumours | [57,58] |
| Prognostic role for SRE development within bone metastases from solid tumours | [11] | |
| Prediction of treatment response in prostate cancer and breast cancer | [59,60] | |
| Prognostic role within bone targeting agents’ treatment | [59,61,62,63] | |
| C-Telopeptide of Type-I Collagen (CTX) | Bone metastasis diagnosis within lung and prostate cancer | [57,58] |
| Tartrate Resistant Acid Phosphatase (TRACP) | Breast cancer bone metastasis—diagnosis of bone metastasis | [64,65] |
| Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor ĸB-Ligand/Osteoprotegerin (RANK-L/OPG) | Breast cancer bone metastasis—diagnosis | [66] |
| Cross-Linked Carboxy-Terminal Telopeptide of Type-I Collagen (ICTP) | Lung cancer bone metastasis—diagnosis | [58] |
| Pyridinoline (PYD) | Breast cancer bone metastasis—diagnosis | [60] |
| Bone Formation Markers | ||
| Pro-Collagen-Type I N-Terminal Pro-Peptide (P1NP) | Prostate/breast cancer bone metastasis—diagnosis | [57,64,65,66,67,68] |
| Pro-Collagen-Type I C-Terminal Pro-Peptide (P1CP) | Breast cancer bone metastasis—diagnosis | [57] |
| Prostate cancer—prediction of treatment response | [60] | |
| Bone Alkaline Phosphatase (BALP) | Diagnosis of bone metastasis—solid tumours | [65,69] |
| Prognostic role for developing SRES within patients receiving bone targeting agents | [61,63,70] | |
| Prediction of treatment response in prostate cancer | [60] | |
| Prognostic role within bone metastases from solid tumours | [11] | |