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The summary diagram is demonstrated. Diabetes enhanced cardiovascular damage by suppression of antioxidant defense mechanisms including Nrf-2/HO-1, BAG3 and Bcl-2 and increased oxidative stress including vascular and cardiac reactive oxygen species (ROS). In response to myocardial IR injury, diabetes further decreased antioxidant defense mechanisms and enhanced oxidative stress/injury, leading to cardiovascular dysfunction and injury.
