| SM | skeletal muscle |
| GFs | growth factors |
| ECM | extracellular matrix |
| MSC | muscle satellite cell |
| IGF-1 | insulin-like growth factor-1 |
| IGF-1R | insulin-like growth factor type 1 receptor |
| TGF-β | transforming growth factor beta |
| GH | growth hormone |
| MSTN | myostatin |
| DMD | Duchenne muscular dystrophy |
| MA | muscle atrophy |
| IGFBP | IGF binding proteins |
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