Table 3.

Results of studies concerning bacteria associated with intra-oral halitosis (IOH).

Bacteria Related to Intra-Oral Halitosis	Studied Population	Study Method	Reference
Bacteroides gracilis, B. intermedius, B. loescheii, B. oralis, Capnocytophaga ochracea, Centipeda periodontii, Eikenella corrodens, Eubacterium brachy, E. lentum, E. limosum, Fusobacterium alocis, F. nucleatum, F. periodonticum, F. sulei, Mitsuokella dentalis, Peptostreptococcus anaerobius, P. magnus, P. micros, P. prevotii, Porphyromonas endodontalis, P. gingivalis, Propionibacterium propionicum, Selenomonas artemidis, S. dianae, S. flueggei, S. infelix, S. noxia, S. sputigena, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, Veillonella dispar, V. parvula	9 persons	Bacterial culture	[96]
Fusobacterium sp., P. gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia	16 IOH adults or children	Bacterial culture	[117]
Campylobacter rectus, F. nucleatum, P. micros, P. gingivalis, P. intermedia, T. forsythia	40 IOH patients	Anaerobic culture	[118]
Fusobacterium sp., P. gingivalis, P. intermedia, T. forsythia	20 IOH adults	Anaerobic culture	[119]
P. gingivalis, P. intermedia, P. melaninogenica, P. nigrescens, Streptococcus constellatus, T. forsythia, T. denticola, V. parvula	10 adult persons	checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization technique	[120]
Actinomyces israelii, A. neuii, A. odontolyticus, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (serotype a), Atopobium parvulum, Prevotella bivia, P. disiens, P. nigrescens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus epidermis, S. constellatus, Streptococcus mitis, T. forsythia, V. parvula	21 IOH adults	Checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization	[121]
F. nucleatum, P. gingivalis, T. forsythia	30 adults	PCR	[122]
P. gingivalis, P. intermedia, T. forsythia	101 IOH adults	PCR	[123]
P. gingivalis, P. intermedia, P. nigrescens, T. forsythia, T. denticola	29 IOH patients and 10 healthy adults	Real-time PCR	[124]
F. nucleatum, Solobacterium moorei, T. forsythia	78 adult males	Quantitative real-time PCR	[35]
A. actinomycetemcomitans, F. nucleatum, P. gingivalis, P. intermedia, T. denticola	31 IOH patients and 31 healthy adults	16S rDNA-directed PCR	[125]
Atopobium sp., Dialister sp., Eubacterium sp., Fusobacterium nucleatum, Leptotrichia sp., Megasphaera sp., Neisseria sp., Parvimonas sp., Peptococcus sp., Peptostreptococcus sp., P. gingivalis, P. endodontalis, Prevotella sp., Selenomonas sp., Solobacterium sp., SR1 sp., Veillonella sp.	30 IOH patients and 13 healthy persons	PCR and sequencing	[107]
A. odontolyticus, F. periodonticum, Leptotrichia sp., Okadaella gastrococcus, Prevotella melaninogenica, S. moorei, T. forsythia	6 IOH patients and 6 healthy adults	PCR and sequencing	[112]
phyla Firmicutes and Fusobacteria, genera Atopobium, Campylobacter, Leptotrichia, Megasphaera, Oribacterium	26 full dentures patients	PCR and sequencing	[113]
A. odontolyticus, Atopobium parvulum, Lysobacter-type species, Porphyromonas sp., P. melaninogenica, P. pallens, P. veroralis, Streptococcus salivarius, S. mitis, S. oralis, V. parvula	20 IOH patients and 12 healthy adults	PCR and DNA sequencing	[126]
Eubacterium sp., Dialister sp., Granulicatella elegans, Porphyromonas sp., P. intermedia, Staphylococcus warneri, S. moorei	8 IOH patients and 5 healthy adults	PCR and DNA sequencing	[127]
Aggregatibacter sp., A. segnis, Campylobacter sp., Capnocytophaga sp., Clostridiales, Dialister sp., Leptotrichia sp., Parvimonas sp., Peptostreptococcus sp., Peptococcus sp., Prevotella sp., Selenomonas sp., SR1, Tannerella sp., TM7-3, Treponema sp.	16 IOH patients and 10 healthy adults	16S rRNA sequencing	[5]
Prevotella sp., Leptotrichia sp., Actinomyces sp., Porphyromonas sp., Selenomonas sp., Selenomonas noxia, Capnocytophaga ochracea	5 IOH children and 5 healthy	16S rRNA sequencing	[128]
A. parvulum, Eubacterium sulci, F. periodonticum, Dialister sp., S. moorei, Streptococcus sp., TM7-8,	6 IOH patients and 5 healthy adults	16S rRNA sequencing	[129]
A. odontolyticus, Hemophilus parainfluenzae, Gemella sp., Leptotrichia wadei, Prevotella tannerae, Streptococcus sp.,	29 adults	16S rDNA amplicon sequencing	[130]
Actinomyces sp., Prevotella sp., Veillonella sp.	10 adults	16S rRNA gene sequencing	[131]
Aggregatibacter sp., Anaerovorax sp., Bacteroidales, Butyrivibrio sp., Dialister sp., Eikenella sp., Mogibacterium sp., Moraxella sp., Peptococcus sp., Peptostreptococcaceae, RF39, Tannerella sp., Treponema sp., Veillonellaceae	40 IOH adults	16S rRNA sequencing	[132]
Streptococcus halitosis sp. nov. strain VT-4	-	16S rRNA sequencing	[133]