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. 2020 Jul 29;9(8):958. doi: 10.3390/plants9080958

Table 3.

Phytoconstituents isolated from Sardinian endemic species.

Taxon Type of Extract Plant Organ Main Constituents Voucher Specimen References
Artemisia caerulescens subsp. densiflora Essential oil Flowers Camphor, isoborneol, terpinen-4-ol, camphene N.A. [191]
Essential oil Leaves α-thujone, terpinen-4-ol, camphor N.A. [191]
Essential oil Aerial parts Terpinen-4-ol, p-cymene, ʏ-terpinene, 1,8-cineole, α-terpineol Herbarium SASSA 736 [46]
Essential oil Aerial parts Davana ethers, cis-Sabinene hydrate, terpinen-4-ol, (E)-nerolidol, β-Oplopenone Herbarium CAG 736 [98]
Ethanol extract Aerial parts α/β dihydroartemisinin, artemisinin, artemisic acid, absinthin, phytol, stigmasterol, 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid, caffeic acid, 3-O-caffeoyl-5-O-feruloylquinic acid, isofraxidin, apigenin, quercetin 3-methyl ether, eupalitin, luteolin-7-O-methyl ether, axillarin and cirsimaritin Herbarium CAG 736 [201]
Astragalus verrucosus Ethyl acetate and n-buthanol extracts Aerial parts Saponins: astraverrucins I **, II **, III **, IV **, V **, VI **; D-pinitol URB-96/357 [202,203,204]
Ethyl acetate and n-buthanol extracts Aerial parts Saponins: astraverrucin VII **, cycloaraloside D (peregrinoside II) and cycloaraloside C (astrailienin A) URB-96/357 [204]
Chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-buthanol extracts Aerial parts Flavonoids: Daidzein, genistein, apigenin, apigenin 7-glucoside, nicotiflorin, rutin, apigenin 7-O-β-D-(6-Op-coumaroyl)glucoside, kaempferol 3-O-robinobioside, quercetin 3-O-robinobioside, daidzin, ononin, calycosin, psudobaptigenin, genistin, pratensein URB-96/357 [204]
Chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-buthanol extracts Aerial parts Pterocarpan derivative: maackiain URB-96/357 [204]
Bituminaria morisiana Acetone extract Aerial parts Erybraedin C, bitucarpin A **; 8-prenyldaidzein, plicatin B Herbarium CAG 391/B [205]
Petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts Aerial parts Erybraedin C, plicatin B, and bitucarpin A Herbarium CAG 391/B [130]
Petroleum ether and ethyl acetate extracts Leaves Erybraedin C, bitucarpin A, 3,9-dihydroxy-4-(3,3-dimethyallyl)[6aR,11aR]-pterocarpan **, 3-hydroxy-4-(3,3-dimethylallyl)-4,5-dehydropyrano[8,9:2,3][6aR,11aR]-pterocarpan **, 4,5-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-4,4-dimethyl-4,5-dihydro-6H-pyrano[7,8:2,3]-isoflavone **, daidzein, 8-prenyldaidzein, bidwillon C, coumestrol, pseudoisopsoralen Herbarium of Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, University of Cagliari (No. 0201) [102]
Ethyl acetate extract Seeds 3-hydroxy-4-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-furo[2,3:8,9][6aR,11aR]pterocarpan (morisianine) **, erybraedin C, psoralen, angelicin Herbarium of Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, University of Cagliari (No. 0201) [103]
Borago morisiana Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) Seeds γ-linoleic and stearidonic acids HUAL 25639 [206]
HUAL 25965
Borago pygmaea Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) Seeds γ-linoleic and stearidonic acids HUAL 25608 [206]
Centaurea horrida Methanol extract Aerial parts Flavonoid glycoside: horridin ** URB-3214/97 [207]
N-hexane, chloroform, chloroform-methanol and methanol extracts Aerial parts Lupeol, betulin, apigenin, 5-caffeoylquinic acid, β-sitosterol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, rutin, 3-caffeoylquinic acid, apigenin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranouronide, apigenin 8-C-α-1-arabinopyranoside, apigenin 6-C-α-L-arabinopyranoside, protocatechuic acid, scutellarein 7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, quercetin 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside, apigenin 7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, kaempferol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, kaempferol 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside, horridin, cis- and trans-3,5-dicaffeoyl quinic acids, vitexin, isovitexin, orientin, shaftoside, apigenin 6,8-di-C-β-D-glucopyranoside and 4-caffeoylquinic acid Herbarium Horti Botanici Pisani 03/7219 [208]
Cymbalaria muelleri Ethanol extract Aerial parts Iridoid glycosides: antirrhinoside, antirrhide, macfadienoside, 7-β -hydroxy 8-harpagide N.A. [209]
Euphorbia hyberna subsp. insularis Acetone extract Aerial parts Jatrophane diterpenoids N.A. [210]
Euphorbia pithyusa subsp. cupanii Acetone extract Aerial parts Lathyrol-3-phenylacetate-5,15-diacetate **, premyrsinol-3-propanoate-5-isobutyrate-7,13,17-triacetate **, premyrsinol-3-propanoate-5-isobutyrate-7,13-diacetate-17-nicotinate **, premyrsinol-3-propanoate-5(R-methyl)butyrate-7,13-diacetate-17-isobutyrate **, premyrsinol-3-propanoate-5,17-diisobutyrate-7,13-diacetate **, premyrsinol-3,17-dipropanoate-5-isobutyrate-7,13-diacetate **, premyrsinol-3-propanoate-5-benzoate-7,13,17-triacetate **, premyrsinol-3-propanoate-5-isobutyrate-7,13,17-triaacetate **, 4,12,20-trideoxyphorbol-13-(2,3-dimethyl)butyrate **, 4,12-dideoxyphorbol-13-(2,3-dimethyl)butyrate **, 4,12-dideoxyphorbol-13-(2,3-dimethyl)butyrate-20-acetate ** Herbarium CAG 1212 [197]
Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) Seeds palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid Herbarium CAG 1212 [131]
Unsaponifiable fraction Seeds hydrocarbons, fatty alcohols, campesterol, β-sitosterol, Δ5-avenasterol, cycloartanol, 24-methylen-cycloartenol Herbarium CAG 1212 [131]
Tocopherols Seeds α-tocopherol, β-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol, δ-tocopherol Herbarium CAG 1212 [131]
Euphorbia semiperfoliata Ethyl acetate extract * Whole plant Eleven Jatrophane esters **, three 4-deoxyphorbol esters ** [81,82,199]
Acetone extract Aerial parts Scopoletin, helioscopinolides A and B, an abietanolide **, 13 jatrophane polyesters **, two 4-deoxyphorbol diesters **, 2 epimeric diterpenes ** Herbarium CAG 1217 [198]
Acetone extract Aerial parts Jatrophane polyesters N.A. [104]
Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) Seeds myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, arachidic acid, behenic acid Herbarium CAG 1217 [131]
Unsaponifiable fraction Seeds hydrocarbons, fatty alcohols, cholesterol, campesterol, β-Sitosterol, lanosterol isomer, lanosterol, β-amyrin, cycloartanol, 24-Methylen-cycloartenol Herbarium CAG 1217 [131]
Tocopherols Seeds α-tocopherol, β-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol, δ-tocopherol Herbarium CAG 1217 [131]
Euphrasia nana Ethanol extract of aerial parts Aerial parts Iridoid glucosides: aucubin, catalpol, mussaenosidic acid and melampyroside N.A. [211]
Ferula arrigonii N.A. N.A. 7,11-dehydrogrilactone * (jalcaguaianolide derivative) N.A. [212]
Acetone extract Roots Coumarin derivatives: colladonin, colladin, badrakemone, umbelliprenin, kataravicinol, isosamarkandin angelate; daucane esters: ferutidin, lapiferin, 2α-Hydroxiferutidin **, 2-oxoferutidin **, latifolone N.A. [106]
Acetone extract Fruits Lapiferin, ferutidin, Jaeskeanadiol veratrate, webbiol angelate, 10α-hydroxyferutidin, 10-deangeloylpallinin **, laserin N.A. [106]
Galium corsicum Ethanol extract Aerial parts Iridoids: asperuloside, monotropein, asperulosidic acid, scandoside, loganic acid; coumarin Herbarium CAG 652 [213]
Galium glaucophyllum Ethanol extract Aerial parts Iridoids: asperuloside, monotropein, asperulosidic acid, deacetyl-asperuloside, geniposidic acid, loganin and loganic acid Herbarium CAG 654 [213]
Galium schmidii Ethanol extract Aerial parts Iridoids: asperuloside, monotropein, geniposidic acid, loganin and 10-hydroxy-loganin Herbarium CAG 654/a [213]
Genista arbusensis Essential oil Flowers Heptanal, 1-octen-3-ol, (E,Z)-2,6-nonadienal, (E)-2-(2-pentenyl)-furan, 2-penthylfuran, (E)-2-hexenal GA120503NE [196]
Genista bocchierii Essential oil Flowers Caryophyllene oxide, 1-octen-3-ol, heptanal, β-cariophyllene, n-pentadecane, (E,Z)-2,6-nonadienal GB240504PU [196]
Genista cadasonensis Essential oil Flowers 1-octen-3-ol, (E)-2-(2-pentenyl)-furan, linalool, 2-penthylfuran, (E,Z)-2,6-nonadienal GD290403CS [196]
Ethanol extract Aerial parts Flavonoids: luteolin, genistein and 6-hydroxy-genistein Herbarium CAG 290/A [132]
Ethanol extract Fruits Pinitol, 3-methoxy-chiro-inositol Herbarium CAG 290/A [132]
Genista corsica Essential oil Flowers (E,Z)-2,6-nonadienal, 1-octen-3-ol, E-β-farnesane, (E)-2-hexenal, (E)-2-nonenal, mesitylene GC230402CA [196]
Ethyl acetate extract Leaves Daidzein and luteolin N.A. [214]
N.A. N.A. Quinolizidine alkaloids: anagyrine, cytisine, N-methylcytisine, lupanine, retamine and sparteine N.A. [215]
N-hexane, choloroform and methanol extracts Aerial parts Dihydroisoderrondiol **, daidzein, luteolin, luteolin 4′-O-β-glucoside, luteolin 7-O-β-glucoside, isoprunetin, isoderrone, ficuisoflavone, taxifolin, 5-methoxytaxifolin, sucrose, D-pinitol URB-1742/96 [216]
Genista ephedroides N-hexane, choloroform and methanol extracts Aerial parts Hydroxyalpinumisoflavone **, ephedroidin **, genisteon **, genistein, isoprunetin, wighteone, laburnetin, alpinumisoflavone, genistin, genistein 8-C-glucoside, apigenin, isokaempferide, licoflavone C, pinitol URB-167/94 [217]
N.A. N.A. Alkaloids: sparteine, lupanine, anagyrine, cytisine, N-methylcytisine, retamine N.A. [215]
N-hexane, choloroform and methanol extracts Aerial parts Alkaloids: lupanine, anagyrine, 17-oxoretamine, 12-α-hydroxylupanine, retamine URB-167/94 [218]
N-hexane, choloroform and methanol extracts Aerial parts Licoflavone C N.A. [125,164,165]
Genista morisii Essential oil Flowers n-pentacosane, (E)-2-(2-pentenyl)-furan, (E)-2-hexenal, 2-penthylfuran, (E,Z)-2,6-nonadienal, E-β-farnesane GM080403SA [196]
Hydrolyzed extracts Leaves Flavonoids: daidzein, genistein, isoprunetin, luteolin N.A. [214]
N-hexane, choloroform and methanol extracts Aerial parts Flavonoids: Genistein, daidzein, isoprunetin, eriodictyol, genistein-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, isoprunetin 7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, vitexin, orientin, luteolin, luteolin 7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, isoprunetin 7,4 -di-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, genistein 7,4-di-O-β-D-glucopyranoside Herbarium SASSA 287 [219]
N-hexane, choloroform and methanol extracts Aerial parts Flavonoids: daidzein, genistein, genistein 7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, isoprunetin, isoprunetin 7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, isoprunetin 4,7-di-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, luteolin, luteolin 7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, luteolin 4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside N.A. [164,165]
Genista pichisermolliana Essential oil Flowers β-myrcene, nerol, (E)-2-(2-pentenyl)-furan, γ-curcumene, linalool, nonanal, neryl acetate GP130603LA [196]
Petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol extracts Aerial parts Alpinumisoflavone 4-O-glucopyranoside **, daidzein, genistein, genistein 7-O-β-glucopyranoside, biochanin A 7-O-β-glucopyranoside, genistein 4,7-di-O-β-glucopyranoside, genistein 8-C-β-glucopyranoside, orobol 8-C-β-glucopyranoside, 3-O-methylorobol 8-C-β-glucopyranoside, rutin, quercetin 3-O-robinobioside, isorhamnetin 3-O-β-glucopyranoside, isorhamnetin 3-O-β-galattopyranoside, isorhamnetin 3-O-robinobioside, apigenin, luteolin 7-O-β-glucopyranoside, eriodictiol, aromadendrin 7-O-β-glucopyranoside, maackiain, 4-methoxymaackiain, p-coumaric methylester and D-pinitol Herbarium CAG 290/b [220]
Genista sulcitana Essential oil Flowers 1-octen-3-ol, (E)-2-hexenal, β-myrcene, (E,Z)-2,6-nonadienal, (E)-2-(2-pentenyl)-furan, 3-octanol GS090503MV [196]
Methanol extract Aerial parts luteolin, 7-O-glucoside, genistein 7-O-glucoside, genistein 8-C-glucoside, p-coumaric acid N.A. [221]
Glechoma sardoa Essential oil Aerial parts β-elemene, δ-elemene, γ-elemene, isogermafurene URB-GS 165 [51]
Essential oil Aerial parts germacrene D, β-elemene, isogermafurene, δ-elemene, β-phellandrene, elemol, γ-elemene, δ-elemene N.A. [222]
Helichrysum italicum subsp. tyrrhenicum Essential oil Aerial parts Neryl acetate, nerol, neryl propionate, linalool, rosifoliol, γ -curcumene, γ-cadinene, δ-cadinene Herbarium SASSA 729 [53,192,193] [52,53,97,192,193,223,224,225,226]
Herbarium CAG 729 [97]
Methanol extract Aerial parts α-terpinolene, trans-cariophyllene and neryl acetate) N.A. [54]
Acetone extract Aerial parts Arzanol (phloroglucinol α-pyrone), oleyl ω-hydroxylinalol, helipyrone, tremetones, mycropyrone Herbarium CAG 729 [83]
Acetone extract Aerial parts Arzanol, methylarzanol, helipyrone, micropyrone, rosifoliol, 10-hydroxytremetone, acetoxytremetone, acetoxyhydroxytremetone N.A. [101,134,135]
Acetone extract Aerial parts Arzanol N.A. [133]
Acetone extract Aerial parts Arzanol, ursolic acid, neryl acetate, ω-oleoyloxylinalol, two O-geranylated isomeric coumarates, helipyrone, oleoylbitalin A **, nonanoylbitalin A **, propanoylbitalin A **, isocaproylbitalin A **, six angeloylated lipids (santinols) **, micropyrone, heliarzanol ** Herbarium CAG 729/10 [57]
Acetone extract Aerial parts Micropyrone, arzanol, helipyrone, two acylic derivatives of bitalin A, gnaphaliol, caffeic acid, ursolic acid, 7-O-β-(D-glucopyranosyl)-5-methoxy-1(3H)-isobenzofuranone, gnaphaliol-9-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, gnaphaliol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, 6-O-β-(D-glucopyranosyl)-4-methoxy-1(3H)-benzofuranone ** Herbarium CAG 729 [200]
Helichrysum saxatile subsp. saxatile Essential oil Flowers α-pinene, limonene, 1,8-cineole, γ-curcumene. β-caryophyllene HMGBH.e/9006.2015.009 [227]
Hypericum hircinum subsp. hircinum Methanol extract Leaves Quercetin, eriodictyol, 1,6-dihydroxy-5,7-dimethoxyxanthone, (4R)-4-hydroxy-5,5-dimethyldihydrofuran-2-one, quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside and eriodictyol-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside Herbarium CAG 0201 [182]
Hydroalcoholic and ethanol extracts Aerial parts Betulinic acid, shikimic acid, chlorogenic acid, quercetin, 5,7,3,5-tetrahydroxyflavanone, 5,7,3,5-tetrahydroxyflavanone-7-O-glucoside Herbarium CAG 232 [84,136]
Hydroalcoholic and ethanol extracts Aerial parts Shikimic acid, chlorogenic acid, quercetin, quercetin-7-O-glucoside, hypericin Herbarium CAG 232 [137]
Hypericum scruglii Hydro alcoholic and ethanol extracts Aerial parts Shikimic acid, chlorogenic acid, quercitrin, 3-geranyl-1-(2-methylbutanoyl)-phloroglucinol, 3-geranyl-1-(2-methylpropanoyl)-phloroglucinol, hyperoside, hypericin Herbarium CAG 239/c [137]
Hydroalcoholic extract Leaves 3-geranyl-1-(2-methylbutanoyl)phloroglucinol, 3-geranyl-1-(2-methylpropanoyl)phloroglucinol, 3-(13-hydroxygeranyl)-1-(2-methylbutanoyl)phloroglucinol **, 1,3,5-benzentriol 2-[(2S,3R)-3-(3,4-dihydroxylphenyl)-2,3-dihydroxylpropyl], 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid and quercitrin Herbarium CAG 239/c [86]
Limonium contortirameum Aqueous extract Aerial parts Quinic acid, gallic acid, (+)-catechin, quercetin 3-O-[6-(3 hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaroyl)B-D-galactoside, phlorizin, epigallocatechin, phloretin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, 6-galloylmyricetin-3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside, 6-galloylmyricetin-3-O-β-D-glucoside, quercetin 3,4-diglucoside, myricetin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, myricetin 3-O-rhamnoside, myricetin 3-O-arabinopyranoside, quercetin 3-glucoside, myricetin 3-O-xylopyranoside, myricetin Herbarium SASSA 909 [174]
Limonium morisianum Methanol extract Aerial parts Myricetin, myricetin3-O-rutinoside, myricetin-3-O-(6-O-galloyl)-β-D-galactopyranoside, (-)-epigallocatechin 3-O-gallate, tryptamine, ferulic and phloretic acids Herbarium CAG 909/G [88]
Methanol extract Aerial parts Myricetin, (-)-epigallocatechin 3-O-gallate Herbarium CAG 909/G [90]
Linaria flava subsp. sardoa N.A. Aerial parts Iridoid glucosides: 6-O-acetylantirrhinoside **, antirrhinoside, 5-deoxyantirrhinoside, 5-glucosylantirrhinoside, antirrhide, linarioside, linaride, arcusangeloside N.A. [228]
Mentha requienii subsp. requienii Essential oil Aerial parts Oxygenated monoterpenes: pulegone, isomenthone, isopulegone, limonene, linalool Herbarium SASSA 1074 [47] [47,229]
Pancratium illyricum Methanol extract Bulbs Alkaloids: ungeremine, (−)-lycorine, (+)-vittatine N.A. [61]
Dichloromethane extract Bulbs 7,3-dihydroxy-4-methoxy-8-methyl flavan, 7,3-dihydroxy-4-methoxy flavan, p-hydroxyphenethyl trans-ferulate and sucrose N.A. [61]
Methanol extract Bulbs Alkaloids: lycorine, 2-hydroxyhomolycorine, vittatine, galanthamine, sanguinine, habranthine Herbarium CAG 1365 [185]
Methanol extract Leaves Alkaloids: leucotamine, O-methylleucotamine, 11α-hydroxy-O-methylleucotamine ** Herbarium CAG 1365 [185]
Methanol extract Bulbs and Leaves Alkaloids: galanthamine, sanguinine, vittatine, habranthine, lycorine, leucotamine, O-methylleucotamine, 2-hydroxyhomolycorine Herbarium CAG 1365 [62]
Plagius flosculosus Ethyl acetate extract Aerial parts 3 polyacetylene spiroketals N.A. [149]
Dichloromethane extract Leaves Flosculin A **, flosculin B **, flosculin C ** and other five diacetylenic spiroketal enol ethers Herbarium CAG 0311 [109]
Essential oil Leaves β-phellandrene, myrcene, iso-3-thujanol, (Z)-β-farnesene, β-pinene Herbarium CAG 743 [64]
Super critical Fluid Extract Leaves (Z)-β-farnesene, β-phellandrene, myrcene Herbarium CAG 743 [64]
Ptilostemon casabonae Hydroalcoholic extracts Aerial parts Quercetin, luteolin, kaempferol, apigenin and diosmetin O-glycosides, and caffeoylquinic acid derivatives N.A. [230]
Salvia desoleana Essential oil Leaves Linalyl acetate, α-terpinil acetate, 1,8-cineole, α-terpineol, linalool, α-phellandrene, limonene, β-pinene, geranyl acetate, trans-linalool oxide, sabinene, geraniol, α-pinene N.A. [66,184]
Essential oil Leaves Linalyl acetate, α-terpinil acetate, 1,8-cineole, linalool, germacrene D, α-terpineol, β-pinene, sabinene, sclareol, β-myrcene, limonene, α-pinene N.A. [65]
Essential oil Leaves Germacrene D, α-terpinil acetate, sclareol, 1,8-cineole, linalool N.A. [138]
Super critical fluid extract Leaves Sclareol, dotriacontano, vitamin E, nonacosane, terpenyl acetate, germacrene D, 1,8-cineole N.A. [138]
Essential oil Leaves (Z)-β-Ocimene, α-Terpinyl acetate, 1,8-cineole, myrcene N.A. [231]
Essential oil Leaves Samples from Gesturi: germacrene D, 1,8-cineole, α-terpinolene, α-terpinil acetate, bicyclogermacrene, α-pinene, sabinene, β-pinene, α-phellandrene. Samples from Luogosanto, Nuragus, Saccheddu, Villagrande: linalyl acetate, α-terpinil acetate, 1,8-cineole, germacrene D, linalool, β-myrcene, β-pinene N.A. [232]
Essential oil Aerial parts Linalyl acetate, germacrene D, α-terpinil acetate, 1,8-cineole, linalool, α-terpineol Herbarium CAG 1086 [91]
Santolina corsica Essential oil Aerial parts Camphor, artemisia ketone, borneol, aromadendrene, muurolene Herbarium CAG 732/A [233]
Essential oil * Leaves Acyclic sesquiterpenes aldehydes (3,9-dimethyl-6-isopropyl-2(E),7(E),9-decatrienal ** and 3,9-dimethyl-6-isopropyl-2(Z),7(E),9-decatrienal) ** N.A. [234]
Essential oil * Aerial parts Artemisia ketone, β-phellandrene, myrcene, santolina triene, 1,8-cineole, β-pinene, isolyratol N.A. [67]
Essential oil * Aerial parts Myrcene, santolina triene, β-phellandrene, lyratol, β-pinene, sabinene N.A. [68,69]
Essential oil Aerial parts Three chemotypes (artemisia ketone-β-phellandrene; myrcene; β-phellandrene-myrcene) Herbarium SASSA 732 [151]
Diethyl ether extract * Roots Monoterpenes (menthol); sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (β-sesquiphellandrene, α- and β-selinenes, β-elemene); terpenes and acetylene derivatives: (Z)-furylthienylbutenyne, (E)-furylthienylbutenyne, dammaradyenil acetate, friedeline, (Z)-acetoxymethylfurylthienylbutenyne, (E)-acetoxymethylfurylthienylbutenyne, 3-Epifriedelinol, dammaradienol, spiroketalenol ether, selin-11-en-4α-ol N.A. [235]
Methanol extract * Aerial parts Kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, chlorogenic acid, rosmarinic acid, genistin, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, vanillic acid, protocatechuic acid, (-)-epicatechin, gallic acid, neochlorogenic acid 011151 and 011152 [110]
N-hexane extract * Aerial parts Myrcene, palmitic acid methyl ester, palmitic acid ethyl ester, β-phellandrene, ar-curcumene, α-amyrin, β-amyrin, 1,8-cineole 011151 and 011152 [110]
Santolina insularis Essential oil Aerial parts Artemisia ketone, 10-H-cyclopropyl-1,1,7-trimethyl-4-methylen-decahydro azulene, 1,8-cineole, camphene, bornyl acetate, borneol, α-pinene Herbarium CAG 732 [233] [93,233]
Super critical fluid extract Leaves β-myrcene, ar-curcumene, β-phellandrene, trans-β-terpineol, spathulenol, γ-curcumene, 3-thujanol, 1,8-cineole, sabinene; waxes N.A. [70]
Hydrodistillated essential oil Leaves β-myrcene, β-phellandrene, β-pinene, ar-curcumene, Spathulenol, trans-β-Terpineol N.A. [70]
Essential oil Aerial parts Four chemotypes (artemisia ketone-β-phellandrene; cis-chrysanthemol-myrcene-β-pinene; β-phellandrene-myrcene; santolina triene) Herbarium CAG 732 [74]
Herbarium CAG 732/b [71]
Herbarium SASSA 732 [73]
[71,73,74,189]
Acetone extract Aerial parts Eudesmane sesquiterpenoids **, a trans-chrysanthemyl monoterpenoid **, two chrysanthemane monoterpenoids, eucamalol Herbarium CAG 0707000 [236]
Acetone extract Aerial parts 11 polyoxygenated germacranes (four news **) Herbarium CAG 732 [116]
Methanol extract Leaves (E)-3-{6-[(E)-3-hydroxy-3-oxo-1-propenyl]-9-oxo-9H-xanthen-2-yl}-2-propenoic acid **, six flavonoids (hispidulin, nepetin, cirsimaritin, rhamnocitrin, luteolin and luteolin 7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside) Herbarium of the Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, University of Cagliari (No. 0310) [152]
Scrophularia trifoliata Ethanolic extract Aerial parts Iridoids: catalpol and aucubin Herbarium CAG 27-3 [237]
Seseli praecox Acetone extract Aerial parts Coumarins: anomalin, isopterixyn, 3-angeloyl-(-)-cis-khellactone, bocconin ** N.A. [238]
Super critical fluid extract Leaves Differences between three sites (himachalol, sabinene, β-phellandrene; β-phellandrene, undecane, α-pinene; α-humulene, β-phellandrene, bicyclogermacrene) N.A. [195]
Essential oil Leaves Differences between three sites (sabinene, β-phellandrene; β-phellandrene, α-pinene; α-humulene, β-phellandrene, bicyclogermacrene) N.A. [195]
Stachys corsica Ethanol extract Aerial parts Flavonoid glycosides: isoscutellarein 7-O-(6-O-acetyl)-β-D-allopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside and isoscutellarein 4-methyl ether 7-O-(6-O-acetyl)-β-D-allopyranosyl(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside; iridoid glucosides: harpagide and acetylharpagide) Herbarium CAG 29-1 [239] [239,240]
Stachys glutinosa Acetone and ethanol extracts Aerial parts Harpagide, 5-Allosyloxy-aucubin **, acetylharpagide, monomelittoside, melittoside, allobetonicoside N.A. [240,241]
Essential oil * Aerial parts Terpinen-4-ol, α-pinene, α-terpineol, β-phellandrene and γ-terpinene, β-caryophyllene N.A. [242]
Essential oil Aerial parts Differences between two sites (terpinen 4-ol, α-terpinyl acetate, trans-cadina-1(6),4-diene, α-terpineol; α-cedrene, α-terpineol, terpinen-4-ol, α-terpinyl acetate) N.A. [75]
Dichloromethane extract Aerial parts Flavones: xanthomicrol, sideritoflavone, 8-methoxycirsilineol and eupatilin; roseostachenone and 3α,4α-epoxyroseostachenol ** Herbarium of the Department of Life and Environmental Science, Drug Sciences Section (No. 0425) [186]
Ethanol extract Aerial parts Melittoside, caffeoylquinic acid, 3-caffeoylquinic acid, chlorogenic acid, β-OH-forsythoside B, β-OH-acteoside, betonyoside E, hypolaetin-7-O-(2-allosyl)-glucopyranoside, forsythoside B, acteoside, isoscutellarein-7-O-[allosyl(1→2)]-glucopyranoside, isoacteoside, isoscutellarein-7-O-[6acetylallosyl-(1→2)]-glucopyranoside, 3-hydroxy-4-omethylisoscutellarein-7-O-[6-acetyl-allosyl-(1→2)]-glucopyranoside, 4-O-methylisoscutellarein-7-O-[allosyl-(1→2)]-glucopyranoside, 3-hydroxy-4-O-methylisoscutellarein-7-O-(6-acetylhexosyl)-hexoside, isoscutellarein-7-O-[6,6-di-acetyl-allosyl(1→2)]-glucopyranoside, 3-hydroxy-4-O-methylisoscutellarein-7-O-[6,6-di-acetylallosyl(1→2)]-glucopyranoside Herbarium SASSA 1099 [118]
Tanacetum audibertii Super critical fluid extract Aerial parts Trans-linalyl oxide acetate, artemisia ketone, 1,8-cineole, artemisyl acetate Herbarium CAG 737/A [76]
Hydrodistillated essential oil Aerial parts Artemisia ketone, trans-linalyl oxide acetate and 1,8-cineole, artemisyl acetate Herbarium CAG 737/A [76]
Hydroalcoholic extract Aerial parts Valine, alanine, aspartic acid, sucrose, α-glucose. Β-glucose, trigonelline, formic acid. Phenolic and flavonoids contents Herbarium CAG 737/A [119]
Thymus herba-barona subsp. herba-barona Diethyl ether extract * Aerial parts Flavanones (eriodictyol, naringenin) and flavones (luteolin, sorbifolin, thymusin, cirsiliol, apigenin, sideritoflavone, cirsimaritin, cirsilineol, xanthomicrol, 8-methoxycirsilineol and genkwanin) N.A. [243]
Essential oil * Aerial parts Eight chemotypes (thymol, carvacrol, linalool, geraniol, α-terpenyl acetate, terpinen-4-ol, carvone and cis-dihydrocarvone) N.A. [67,190]
Essential oil Aerial parts Differences between two sites (thymol, p-cymene, γ-terpinene, linalool; thymol, carvacrol, p-cymene, γ-terpinene borneol) N.A. [78]
Essential oil Aerial parts Carvacrol, borneol, p-cymene N.A. [79]
Essential oil Aerial parts Linalool, carvacrol Herbarium CAG 1065 [244]
Essential oil Aerial parts Carvacrol, thymol Herbarium CAG 1065 [77]
Verbascum conocarpum subsp. conocarpum Ethanolic extract Aerial parts One iridoid (aucubin) and a phenyl-propanoid compound (verbascoside) Herbarium CAG 27-2 [237]
Vinca difformis subsp. sardoa N.A. Roots Alkaloids (norfluorocurarine, akuammigine, carapanaubine, majdine, isomajdine, rauvoxinine, ent-N(1)-methyl-14,15-didehydroaspidospermidine **, N(1)-methyl-14,15-didehydroaspidofractinine **, N(1)-methylaspidofractinine **, N(1)-methyl-14,15-didehydrotuboxenine **) N.A. [245]
Aqueous acetic acid extract Aerial parts Indole alkaloids (conoflorine, N(1)-methyl-14,15-didehydro-12-hydroxyaspidofractinine **, N(1)-methyl-14,15-didehydro-12-methoxyaspidofractinine **, N(1)-formyl-14,15-didehydroaspidofractinine **, N(1)-formyl-14,15-didehydro-12-hydroxyaspidofractinine **, venalstonine and N(1)-methyl-14,15-didehydroaspidofractinine) N.A. [246]
Ethanol extract Aerial parts Iridoid glucosides (loganic acid and loganin) N.A. [247]
Methanolic extract Leaves Quinic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeoylquinic acid isomer 1 and robinin Herbarium SASSA 820 [140]
Histochemical preparation Roots, stems, petioles, leaves and flowers Indole alkaloids Herbarium CAG 1301 [248] [248,249]

N.A. = information not available; * Samples collected in countries other than Sardinia; ** Compounds isolated for the first time from Sardinian endemic species.

HHS Vulnerability Disclosure