Table 3.
Taxon | Type of Extract | Plant Organ | Main Constituents | Voucher Specimen | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Artemisia caerulescens subsp. densiflora | Essential oil | Flowers | Camphor, isoborneol, terpinen-4-ol, camphene | N.A. | [191] |
Essential oil | Leaves | α-thujone, terpinen-4-ol, camphor | N.A. | [191] | |
Essential oil | Aerial parts | Terpinen-4-ol, p-cymene, ʏ-terpinene, 1,8-cineole, α-terpineol | Herbarium SASSA 736 | [46] | |
Essential oil | Aerial parts | Davana ethers, cis-Sabinene hydrate, terpinen-4-ol, (E)-nerolidol, β-Oplopenone | Herbarium CAG 736 | [98] | |
Ethanol extract | Aerial parts | α/β dihydroartemisinin, artemisinin, artemisic acid, absinthin, phytol, stigmasterol, 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid, caffeic acid, 3-O-caffeoyl-5-O-feruloylquinic acid, isofraxidin, apigenin, quercetin 3-methyl ether, eupalitin, luteolin-7-O-methyl ether, axillarin and cirsimaritin | Herbarium CAG 736 | [201] | |
Astragalus verrucosus | Ethyl acetate and n-buthanol extracts | Aerial parts | Saponins: astraverrucins I **, II **, III **, IV **, V **, VI **; D-pinitol | URB-96/357 | [202,203,204] |
Ethyl acetate and n-buthanol extracts | Aerial parts | Saponins: astraverrucin VII **, cycloaraloside D (peregrinoside II) and cycloaraloside C (astrailienin A) | URB-96/357 | [204] | |
Chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-buthanol extracts | Aerial parts | Flavonoids: Daidzein, genistein, apigenin, apigenin 7-glucoside, nicotiflorin, rutin, apigenin 7-O-β-D-(6-Op-coumaroyl)glucoside, kaempferol 3-O-robinobioside, quercetin 3-O-robinobioside, daidzin, ononin, calycosin, psudobaptigenin, genistin, pratensein | URB-96/357 | [204] | |
Chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-buthanol extracts | Aerial parts | Pterocarpan derivative: maackiain | URB-96/357 | [204] | |
Bituminaria morisiana | Acetone extract | Aerial parts | Erybraedin C, bitucarpin A **; 8-prenyldaidzein, plicatin B | Herbarium CAG 391/B | [205] |
Petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts | Aerial parts | Erybraedin C, plicatin B, and bitucarpin A | Herbarium CAG 391/B | [130] | |
Petroleum ether and ethyl acetate extracts | Leaves | Erybraedin C, bitucarpin A, 3,9-dihydroxy-4-(3,3-dimethyallyl)[6aR,11aR]-pterocarpan **, 3-hydroxy-4-(3,3-dimethylallyl)-4″,5″-dehydropyrano[8,9:2″,3″][6aR,11aR]-pterocarpan **, 4′,5″-dihydroxy-6″-methoxy-4″,4″-dimethyl-4″,5″-dihydro-6″H-pyrano[7,8:2″,3″]-isoflavone **, daidzein, 8-prenyldaidzein, bidwillon C, coumestrol, pseudoisopsoralen | Herbarium of Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, University of Cagliari (No. 0201) | [102] | |
Ethyl acetate extract | Seeds | 3-hydroxy-4-(3′-methyl-2′-butenyl)-furo[2′,3′:8,9][6aR,11aR]pterocarpan (morisianine) **, erybraedin C, psoralen, angelicin | Herbarium of Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, University of Cagliari (No. 0201) | [103] | |
Borago morisiana | Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) | Seeds | γ-linoleic and stearidonic acids | HUAL 25639 | [206] |
HUAL 25965 | |||||
Borago pygmaea | Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) | Seeds | γ-linoleic and stearidonic acids | HUAL 25608 | [206] |
Centaurea horrida | Methanol extract | Aerial parts | Flavonoid glycoside: horridin ** | URB-3214/97 | [207] |
N-hexane, chloroform, chloroform-methanol and methanol extracts | Aerial parts | Lupeol, betulin, apigenin, 5-caffeoylquinic acid, β-sitosterol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, rutin, 3-caffeoylquinic acid, apigenin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranouronide, apigenin 8-C-α-1-arabinopyranoside, apigenin 6-C-α-L-arabinopyranoside, protocatechuic acid, scutellarein 7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, quercetin 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside, apigenin 7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, kaempferol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, kaempferol 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside, horridin, cis- and trans-3,5-dicaffeoyl quinic acids, vitexin, isovitexin, orientin, shaftoside, apigenin 6,8-di-C-β-D-glucopyranoside and 4-caffeoylquinic acid | Herbarium Horti Botanici Pisani 03/7219 | [208] | |
Cymbalaria muelleri | Ethanol extract | Aerial parts | Iridoid glycosides: antirrhinoside, antirrhide, macfadienoside, 7-β -hydroxy 8-harpagide | N.A. | [209] |
Euphorbia hyberna subsp. insularis | Acetone extract | Aerial parts | Jatrophane diterpenoids | N.A. | [210] |
Euphorbia pithyusa subsp. cupanii | Acetone extract | Aerial parts | Lathyrol-3-phenylacetate-5,15-diacetate **, premyrsinol-3-propanoate-5-isobutyrate-7,13,17-triacetate **, premyrsinol-3-propanoate-5-isobutyrate-7,13-diacetate-17-nicotinate **, premyrsinol-3-propanoate-5(R-methyl)butyrate-7,13-diacetate-17-isobutyrate **, premyrsinol-3-propanoate-5,17-diisobutyrate-7,13-diacetate **, premyrsinol-3,17-dipropanoate-5-isobutyrate-7,13-diacetate **, premyrsinol-3-propanoate-5-benzoate-7,13,17-triacetate **, premyrsinol-3-propanoate-5-isobutyrate-7,13,17-triaacetate **, 4,12,20-trideoxyphorbol-13-(2,3-dimethyl)butyrate **, 4,12-dideoxyphorbol-13-(2,3-dimethyl)butyrate **, 4,12-dideoxyphorbol-13-(2,3-dimethyl)butyrate-20-acetate ** | Herbarium CAG 1212 | [197] |
Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) | Seeds | palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid | Herbarium CAG 1212 | [131] | |
Unsaponifiable fraction | Seeds | hydrocarbons, fatty alcohols, campesterol, β-sitosterol, Δ5-avenasterol, cycloartanol, 24-methylen-cycloartenol | Herbarium CAG 1212 | [131] | |
Tocopherols | Seeds | α-tocopherol, β-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol, δ-tocopherol | Herbarium CAG 1212 | [131] | |
Euphorbia semiperfoliata | Ethyl acetate extract * | Whole plant | Eleven Jatrophane esters **, three 4-deoxyphorbol esters ** | [81,82,199] | |
Acetone extract | Aerial parts | Scopoletin, helioscopinolides A and B, an abietanolide **, 13 jatrophane polyesters **, two 4-deoxyphorbol diesters **, 2 epimeric diterpenes ** | Herbarium CAG 1217 | [198] | |
Acetone extract | Aerial parts | Jatrophane polyesters | N.A. | [104] | |
Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) | Seeds | myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, arachidic acid, behenic acid | Herbarium CAG 1217 | [131] | |
Unsaponifiable fraction | Seeds | hydrocarbons, fatty alcohols, cholesterol, campesterol, β-Sitosterol, lanosterol isomer, lanosterol, β-amyrin, cycloartanol, 24-Methylen-cycloartenol | Herbarium CAG 1217 | [131] | |
Tocopherols | Seeds | α-tocopherol, β-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol, δ-tocopherol | Herbarium CAG 1217 | [131] | |
Euphrasia nana | Ethanol extract of aerial parts | Aerial parts | Iridoid glucosides: aucubin, catalpol, mussaenosidic acid and melampyroside | N.A. | [211] |
Ferula arrigonii | N.A. | N.A. | 7,11-dehydrogrilactone * (jalcaguaianolide derivative) | N.A. | [212] |
Acetone extract | Roots | Coumarin derivatives: colladonin, colladin, badrakemone, umbelliprenin, kataravicinol, isosamarkandin angelate; daucane esters: ferutidin, lapiferin, 2α-Hydroxiferutidin **, 2-oxoferutidin **, latifolone | N.A. | [106] | |
Acetone extract | Fruits | Lapiferin, ferutidin, Jaeskeanadiol veratrate, webbiol angelate, 10α-hydroxyferutidin, 10-deangeloylpallinin **, laserin | N.A. | [106] | |
Galium corsicum | Ethanol extract | Aerial parts | Iridoids: asperuloside, monotropein, asperulosidic acid, scandoside, loganic acid; coumarin | Herbarium CAG 652 | [213] |
Galium glaucophyllum | Ethanol extract | Aerial parts | Iridoids: asperuloside, monotropein, asperulosidic acid, deacetyl-asperuloside, geniposidic acid, loganin and loganic acid | Herbarium CAG 654 | [213] |
Galium schmidii | Ethanol extract | Aerial parts | Iridoids: asperuloside, monotropein, geniposidic acid, loganin and 10-hydroxy-loganin | Herbarium CAG 654/a | [213] |
Genista arbusensis | Essential oil | Flowers | Heptanal, 1-octen-3-ol, (E,Z)-2,6-nonadienal, (E)-2-(2-pentenyl)-furan, 2-penthylfuran, (E)-2-hexenal | GA120503NE | [196] |
Genista bocchierii | Essential oil | Flowers | Caryophyllene oxide, 1-octen-3-ol, heptanal, β-cariophyllene, n-pentadecane, (E,Z)-2,6-nonadienal | GB240504PU | [196] |
Genista cadasonensis | Essential oil | Flowers | 1-octen-3-ol, (E)-2-(2-pentenyl)-furan, linalool, 2-penthylfuran, (E,Z)-2,6-nonadienal | GD290403CS | [196] |
Ethanol extract | Aerial parts | Flavonoids: luteolin, genistein and 6-hydroxy-genistein | Herbarium CAG 290/A | [132] | |
Ethanol extract | Fruits | Pinitol, 3-methoxy-chiro-inositol | Herbarium CAG 290/A | [132] | |
Genista corsica | Essential oil | Flowers | (E,Z)-2,6-nonadienal, 1-octen-3-ol, E-β-farnesane, (E)-2-hexenal, (E)-2-nonenal, mesitylene | GC230402CA | [196] |
Ethyl acetate extract | Leaves | Daidzein and luteolin | N.A. | [214] | |
N.A. | N.A. | Quinolizidine alkaloids: anagyrine, cytisine, N-methylcytisine, lupanine, retamine and sparteine | N.A. | [215] | |
N-hexane, choloroform and methanol extracts | Aerial parts | Dihydroisoderrondiol **, daidzein, luteolin, luteolin 4′-O-β-glucoside, luteolin 7-O-β-glucoside, isoprunetin, isoderrone, ficuisoflavone, taxifolin, 5-methoxytaxifolin, sucrose, D-pinitol | URB-1742/96 | [216] | |
Genista ephedroides | N-hexane, choloroform and methanol extracts | Aerial parts | Hydroxyalpinumisoflavone **, ephedroidin **, genisteon **, genistein, isoprunetin, wighteone, laburnetin, alpinumisoflavone, genistin, genistein 8-C-glucoside, apigenin, isokaempferide, licoflavone C, pinitol | URB-167/94 | [217] |
N.A. | N.A. | Alkaloids: sparteine, lupanine, anagyrine, cytisine, N-methylcytisine, retamine | N.A. | [215] | |
N-hexane, choloroform and methanol extracts | Aerial parts | Alkaloids: lupanine, anagyrine, 17-oxoretamine, 12-α-hydroxylupanine, retamine | URB-167/94 | [218] | |
N-hexane, choloroform and methanol extracts | Aerial parts | Licoflavone C | N.A. | [125,164,165] | |
Genista morisii | Essential oil | Flowers | n-pentacosane, (E)-2-(2-pentenyl)-furan, (E)-2-hexenal, 2-penthylfuran, (E,Z)-2,6-nonadienal, E-β-farnesane | GM080403SA | [196] |
Hydrolyzed extracts | Leaves | Flavonoids: daidzein, genistein, isoprunetin, luteolin | N.A. | [214] | |
N-hexane, choloroform and methanol extracts | Aerial parts | Flavonoids: Genistein, daidzein, isoprunetin, eriodictyol, genistein-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, isoprunetin 7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, vitexin, orientin, luteolin, luteolin 7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, isoprunetin 7,4′ -di-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, genistein 7,4′-di-O-β-D-glucopyranoside | Herbarium SASSA 287 | [219] | |
N-hexane, choloroform and methanol extracts | Aerial parts | Flavonoids: daidzein, genistein, genistein 7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, isoprunetin, isoprunetin 7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, isoprunetin 4′,7-di-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, luteolin, luteolin 7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, luteolin 4′-O-β-D-glucopyranoside | N.A. | [164,165] | |
Genista pichisermolliana | Essential oil | Flowers | β-myrcene, nerol, (E)-2-(2-pentenyl)-furan, γ-curcumene, linalool, nonanal, neryl acetate | GP130603LA | [196] |
Petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol extracts | Aerial parts | Alpinumisoflavone 4′-O-glucopyranoside **, daidzein, genistein, genistein 7-O-β-glucopyranoside, biochanin A 7-O-β-glucopyranoside, genistein 4′,7-di-O-β-glucopyranoside, genistein 8-C-β-glucopyranoside, orobol 8-C-β-glucopyranoside, 3′-O-methylorobol 8-C-β-glucopyranoside, rutin, quercetin 3-O-robinobioside, isorhamnetin 3-O-β-glucopyranoside, isorhamnetin 3-O-β-galattopyranoside, isorhamnetin 3-O-robinobioside, apigenin, luteolin 7-O-β-glucopyranoside, eriodictiol, aromadendrin 7-O-β-glucopyranoside, maackiain, 4-methoxymaackiain, p-coumaric methylester and D-pinitol | Herbarium CAG 290/b | [220] | |
Genista sulcitana | Essential oil | Flowers | 1-octen-3-ol, (E)-2-hexenal, β-myrcene, (E,Z)-2,6-nonadienal, (E)-2-(2-pentenyl)-furan, 3-octanol | GS090503MV | [196] |
Methanol extract | Aerial parts | luteolin, 7-O-glucoside, genistein 7-O-glucoside, genistein 8-C-glucoside, p-coumaric acid | N.A. | [221] | |
Glechoma sardoa | Essential oil | Aerial parts | β-elemene, δ-elemene, γ-elemene, isogermafurene | URB-GS 165 | [51] |
Essential oil | Aerial parts | germacrene D, β-elemene, isogermafurene, δ-elemene, β-phellandrene, elemol, γ-elemene, δ-elemene | N.A. | [222] | |
Helichrysum italicum subsp. tyrrhenicum | Essential oil | Aerial parts | Neryl acetate, nerol, neryl propionate, linalool, rosifoliol, γ -curcumene, γ-cadinene, δ-cadinene | Herbarium SASSA 729 [53,192,193] | [52,53,97,192,193,223,224,225,226] |
Herbarium CAG 729 [97] | |||||
Methanol extract | Aerial parts | α-terpinolene, trans-cariophyllene and neryl acetate) | N.A. | [54] | |
Acetone extract | Aerial parts | Arzanol (phloroglucinol α-pyrone), oleyl ω-hydroxylinalol, helipyrone, tremetones, mycropyrone | Herbarium CAG 729 | [83] | |
Acetone extract | Aerial parts | Arzanol, methylarzanol, helipyrone, micropyrone, rosifoliol, 10-hydroxytremetone, acetoxytremetone, acetoxyhydroxytremetone | N.A. | [101,134,135] | |
Acetone extract | Aerial parts | Arzanol | N.A. | [133] | |
Acetone extract | Aerial parts | Arzanol, ursolic acid, neryl acetate, ω-oleoyloxylinalol, two O-geranylated isomeric coumarates, helipyrone, oleoylbitalin A **, nonanoylbitalin A **, propanoylbitalin A **, isocaproylbitalin A **, six angeloylated lipids (santinols) **, micropyrone, heliarzanol ** | Herbarium CAG 729/10 | [57] | |
Acetone extract | Aerial parts | Micropyrone, arzanol, helipyrone, two acylic derivatives of bitalin A, gnaphaliol, caffeic acid, ursolic acid, 7-O-β-(D-glucopyranosyl)-5-methoxy-1(3H)-isobenzofuranone, gnaphaliol-9-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, gnaphaliol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, 6-O-β-(D-glucopyranosyl)-4-methoxy-1(3H)-benzofuranone ** | Herbarium CAG 729 | [200] | |
Helichrysum saxatile subsp. saxatile | Essential oil | Flowers | α-pinene, limonene, 1,8-cineole, γ-curcumene. β-caryophyllene | HMGBH.e/9006.2015.009 | [227] |
Hypericum hircinum subsp. hircinum | Methanol extract | Leaves | Quercetin, eriodictyol, 1,6-dihydroxy-5,7-dimethoxyxanthone, (4R)-4-hydroxy-5,5-dimethyldihydrofuran-2-one, quercetin-3′-O-β-D-glucopyranoside and eriodictyol-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside | Herbarium CAG 0201 | [182] |
Hydroalcoholic and ethanol extracts | Aerial parts | Betulinic acid, shikimic acid, chlorogenic acid, quercetin, 5,7,3′,5′-tetrahydroxyflavanone, 5,7,3′,5′-tetrahydroxyflavanone-7-O-glucoside | Herbarium CAG 232 | [84,136] | |
Hydroalcoholic and ethanol extracts | Aerial parts | Shikimic acid, chlorogenic acid, quercetin, quercetin-7-O-glucoside, hypericin | Herbarium CAG 232 | [137] | |
Hypericum scruglii | Hydro alcoholic and ethanol extracts | Aerial parts | Shikimic acid, chlorogenic acid, quercitrin, 3-geranyl-1-(2′-methylbutanoyl)-phloroglucinol, 3-geranyl-1-(2′-methylpropanoyl)-phloroglucinol, hyperoside, hypericin | Herbarium CAG 239/c | [137] |
Hydroalcoholic extract | Leaves | 3-geranyl-1-(2′-methylbutanoyl)phloroglucinol, 3-geranyl-1-(2′-methylpropanoyl)phloroglucinol, 3-(13-hydroxygeranyl)-1-(2′-methylbutanoyl)phloroglucinol **, 1,3,5-benzentriol 2-[(2S,3R)-3-(3,4-dihydroxylphenyl)-2,3-dihydroxylpropyl], 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid and quercitrin | Herbarium CAG 239/c | [86] | |
Limonium contortirameum | Aqueous extract | Aerial parts | Quinic acid, gallic acid, (+)-catechin, quercetin 3-O-[6-(3 hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaroyl)B-D-galactoside, phlorizin, epigallocatechin, phloretin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, 6″-galloylmyricetin-3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside, 6″-galloylmyricetin-3-O-β-D-glucoside, quercetin 3,4′-diglucoside, myricetin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, myricetin 3-O-rhamnoside, myricetin 3-O-arabinopyranoside, quercetin 3-glucoside, myricetin 3-O-xylopyranoside, myricetin | Herbarium SASSA 909 | [174] |
Limonium morisianum | Methanol extract | Aerial parts | Myricetin, myricetin3-O-rutinoside, myricetin-3-O-(6″-O-galloyl)-β-D-galactopyranoside, (-)-epigallocatechin 3-O-gallate, tryptamine, ferulic and phloretic acids | Herbarium CAG 909/G | [88] |
Methanol extract | Aerial parts | Myricetin, (-)-epigallocatechin 3-O-gallate | Herbarium CAG 909/G | [90] | |
Linaria flava subsp. sardoa | N.A. | Aerial parts | Iridoid glucosides: 6′-O-acetylantirrhinoside **, antirrhinoside, 5-deoxyantirrhinoside, 5-glucosylantirrhinoside, antirrhide, linarioside, linaride, arcusangeloside | N.A. | [228] |
Mentha requienii subsp. requienii | Essential oil | Aerial parts | Oxygenated monoterpenes: pulegone, isomenthone, isopulegone, limonene, linalool | Herbarium SASSA 1074 [47] | [47,229] |
Pancratium illyricum | Methanol extract | Bulbs | Alkaloids: ungeremine, (−)-lycorine, (+)-vittatine | N.A. | [61] |
Dichloromethane extract | Bulbs | 7,3′-dihydroxy-4′-methoxy-8-methyl flavan, 7,3′-dihydroxy-4′-methoxy flavan, p-hydroxyphenethyl trans-ferulate and sucrose | N.A. | [61] | |
Methanol extract | Bulbs | Alkaloids: lycorine, 2-hydroxyhomolycorine, vittatine, galanthamine, sanguinine, habranthine | Herbarium CAG 1365 | [185] | |
Methanol extract | Leaves | Alkaloids: leucotamine, O-methylleucotamine, 11α-hydroxy-O-methylleucotamine ** | Herbarium CAG 1365 | [185] | |
Methanol extract | Bulbs and Leaves | Alkaloids: galanthamine, sanguinine, vittatine, habranthine, lycorine, leucotamine, O-methylleucotamine, 2-hydroxyhomolycorine | Herbarium CAG 1365 | [62] | |
Plagius flosculosus | Ethyl acetate extract | Aerial parts | 3 polyacetylene spiroketals | N.A. | [149] |
Dichloromethane extract | Leaves | Flosculin A **, flosculin B **, flosculin C ** and other five diacetylenic spiroketal enol ethers | Herbarium CAG 0311 | [109] | |
Essential oil | Leaves | β-phellandrene, myrcene, iso-3-thujanol, (Z)-β-farnesene, β-pinene | Herbarium CAG 743 | [64] | |
Super critical Fluid Extract | Leaves | (Z)-β-farnesene, β-phellandrene, myrcene | Herbarium CAG 743 | [64] | |
Ptilostemon casabonae | Hydroalcoholic extracts | Aerial parts | Quercetin, luteolin, kaempferol, apigenin and diosmetin O-glycosides, and caffeoylquinic acid derivatives | N.A. | [230] |
Salvia desoleana | Essential oil | Leaves | Linalyl acetate, α-terpinil acetate, 1,8-cineole, α-terpineol, linalool, α-phellandrene, limonene, β-pinene, geranyl acetate, trans-linalool oxide, sabinene, geraniol, α-pinene | N.A. | [66,184] |
Essential oil | Leaves | Linalyl acetate, α-terpinil acetate, 1,8-cineole, linalool, germacrene D, α-terpineol, β-pinene, sabinene, sclareol, β-myrcene, limonene, α-pinene | N.A. | [65] | |
Essential oil | Leaves | Germacrene D, α-terpinil acetate, sclareol, 1,8-cineole, linalool | N.A. | [138] | |
Super critical fluid extract | Leaves | Sclareol, dotriacontano, vitamin E, nonacosane, terpenyl acetate, germacrene D, 1,8-cineole | N.A. | [138] | |
Essential oil | Leaves | (Z)-β-Ocimene, α-Terpinyl acetate, 1,8-cineole, myrcene | N.A. | [231] | |
Essential oil | Leaves | Samples from Gesturi: germacrene D, 1,8-cineole, α-terpinolene, α-terpinil acetate, bicyclogermacrene, α-pinene, sabinene, β-pinene, α-phellandrene. Samples from Luogosanto, Nuragus, Saccheddu, Villagrande: linalyl acetate, α-terpinil acetate, 1,8-cineole, germacrene D, linalool, β-myrcene, β-pinene | N.A. | [232] | |
Essential oil | Aerial parts | Linalyl acetate, germacrene D, α-terpinil acetate, 1,8-cineole, linalool, α-terpineol | Herbarium CAG 1086 | [91] | |
Santolina corsica | Essential oil | Aerial parts | Camphor, artemisia ketone, borneol, aromadendrene, muurolene | Herbarium CAG 732/A | [233] |
Essential oil * | Leaves | Acyclic sesquiterpenes aldehydes (3,9-dimethyl-6-isopropyl-2(E),7(E),9-decatrienal ** and 3,9-dimethyl-6-isopropyl-2(Z),7(E),9-decatrienal) ** | N.A. | [234] | |
Essential oil * | Aerial parts | Artemisia ketone, β-phellandrene, myrcene, santolina triene, 1,8-cineole, β-pinene, isolyratol | N.A. | [67] | |
Essential oil * | Aerial parts | Myrcene, santolina triene, β-phellandrene, lyratol, β-pinene, sabinene | N.A. | [68,69] | |
Essential oil | Aerial parts | Three chemotypes (artemisia ketone-β-phellandrene; myrcene; β-phellandrene-myrcene) | Herbarium SASSA 732 | [151] | |
Diethyl ether extract * | Roots | Monoterpenes (menthol); sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (β-sesquiphellandrene, α- and β-selinenes, β-elemene); terpenes and acetylene derivatives: (Z)-furylthienylbutenyne, (E)-furylthienylbutenyne, dammaradyenil acetate, friedeline, (Z)-acetoxymethylfurylthienylbutenyne, (E)-acetoxymethylfurylthienylbutenyne, 3-Epifriedelinol, dammaradienol, spiroketalenol ether, selin-11-en-4α-ol | N.A. | [235] | |
Methanol extract * | Aerial parts | Kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, chlorogenic acid, rosmarinic acid, genistin, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, vanillic acid, protocatechuic acid, (-)-epicatechin, gallic acid, neochlorogenic acid | 011151 and 011152 | [110] | |
N-hexane extract * | Aerial parts | Myrcene, palmitic acid methyl ester, palmitic acid ethyl ester, β-phellandrene, ar-curcumene, α-amyrin, β-amyrin, 1,8-cineole | 011151 and 011152 | [110] | |
Santolina insularis | Essential oil | Aerial parts | Artemisia ketone, 10-H-cyclopropyl-1,1,7-trimethyl-4-methylen-decahydro azulene, 1,8-cineole, camphene, bornyl acetate, borneol, α-pinene | Herbarium CAG 732 [233] | [93,233] |
Super critical fluid extract | Leaves | β-myrcene, ar-curcumene, β-phellandrene, trans-β-terpineol, spathulenol, γ-curcumene, 3-thujanol, 1,8-cineole, sabinene; waxes | N.A. | [70] | |
Hydrodistillated essential oil | Leaves | β-myrcene, β-phellandrene, β-pinene, ar-curcumene, Spathulenol, trans-β-Terpineol | N.A. | [70] | |
Essential oil | Aerial parts | Four chemotypes (artemisia ketone-β-phellandrene; cis-chrysanthemol-myrcene-β-pinene; β-phellandrene-myrcene; santolina triene) | Herbarium CAG 732 [74] Herbarium CAG 732/b [71] Herbarium SASSA 732 [73] |
[71,73,74,189] | |
Acetone extract | Aerial parts | Eudesmane sesquiterpenoids **, a trans-chrysanthemyl monoterpenoid **, two chrysanthemane monoterpenoids, eucamalol | Herbarium CAG 0707000 | [236] | |
Acetone extract | Aerial parts | 11 polyoxygenated germacranes (four news **) | Herbarium CAG 732 | [116] | |
Methanol extract | Leaves | (E)-3-{6-[(E)-3-hydroxy-3-oxo-1-propenyl]-9-oxo-9H-xanthen-2-yl}-2-propenoic acid **, six flavonoids (hispidulin, nepetin, cirsimaritin, rhamnocitrin, luteolin and luteolin 7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside) | Herbarium of the Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, University of Cagliari (No. 0310) | [152] | |
Scrophularia trifoliata | Ethanolic extract | Aerial parts | Iridoids: catalpol and aucubin | Herbarium CAG 27-3 | [237] |
Seseli praecox | Acetone extract | Aerial parts | Coumarins: anomalin, isopterixyn, 3′-angeloyl-(-)-cis-khellactone, bocconin ** | N.A. | [238] |
Super critical fluid extract | Leaves | Differences between three sites (himachalol, sabinene, β-phellandrene; β-phellandrene, undecane, α-pinene; α-humulene, β-phellandrene, bicyclogermacrene) | N.A. | [195] | |
Essential oil | Leaves | Differences between three sites (sabinene, β-phellandrene; β-phellandrene, α-pinene; α-humulene, β-phellandrene, bicyclogermacrene) | N.A. | [195] | |
Stachys corsica | Ethanol extract | Aerial parts | Flavonoid glycosides: isoscutellarein 7-O-(6‴-O-acetyl)-β-D-allopyranosyl-(1‴→2″)-β-D-glucopyranoside and isoscutellarein 4′-methyl ether 7-O-(6‴-O-acetyl)-β-D-allopyranosyl(1‴→2″)-β-D-glucopyranoside; iridoid glucosides: harpagide and acetylharpagide) | Herbarium CAG 29-1 [239] | [239,240] |
Stachys glutinosa | Acetone and ethanol extracts | Aerial parts | Harpagide, 5-Allosyloxy-aucubin **, acetylharpagide, monomelittoside, melittoside, allobetonicoside | N.A. | [240,241] |
Essential oil * | Aerial parts | Terpinen-4-ol, α-pinene, α-terpineol, β-phellandrene and γ-terpinene, β-caryophyllene | N.A. | [242] | |
Essential oil | Aerial parts | Differences between two sites (terpinen 4-ol, α-terpinyl acetate, trans-cadina-1(6),4-diene, α-terpineol; α-cedrene, α-terpineol, terpinen-4-ol, α-terpinyl acetate) | N.A. | [75] | |
Dichloromethane extract | Aerial parts | Flavones: xanthomicrol, sideritoflavone, 8-methoxycirsilineol and eupatilin; roseostachenone and 3α,4α-epoxyroseostachenol ** | Herbarium of the Department of Life and Environmental Science, Drug Sciences Section (No. 0425) | [186] | |
Ethanol extract | Aerial parts | Melittoside, caffeoylquinic acid, 3-caffeoylquinic acid, chlorogenic acid, β-OH-forsythoside B, β-OH-acteoside, betonyoside E, hypolaetin-7-O-(2-allosyl)-glucopyranoside, forsythoside B, acteoside, isoscutellarein-7-O-[allosyl(1→2)]-glucopyranoside, isoacteoside, isoscutellarein-7-O-[6‴acetylallosyl-(1→2)]-glucopyranoside, 3′-hydroxy-4″-omethylisoscutellarein-7-O-[6-acetyl-allosyl-(1→2)]-glucopyranoside, 4′-O-methylisoscutellarein-7-O-[allosyl-(1→2)]-glucopyranoside, 3′-hydroxy-4′-O-methylisoscutellarein-7-O-(6‴-acetylhexosyl)-hexoside, isoscutellarein-7-O-[6″,6‴-di-acetyl-allosyl(1→2)]-glucopyranoside, 3′-hydroxy-4′-O-methylisoscutellarein-7-O-[6″,6‴-di-acetylallosyl(1→2)]-glucopyranoside | Herbarium SASSA 1099 | [118] | |
Tanacetum audibertii | Super critical fluid extract | Aerial parts | Trans-linalyl oxide acetate, artemisia ketone, 1,8-cineole, artemisyl acetate | Herbarium CAG 737/A | [76] |
Hydrodistillated essential oil | Aerial parts | Artemisia ketone, trans-linalyl oxide acetate and 1,8-cineole, artemisyl acetate | Herbarium CAG 737/A | [76] | |
Hydroalcoholic extract | Aerial parts | Valine, alanine, aspartic acid, sucrose, α-glucose. Β-glucose, trigonelline, formic acid. Phenolic and flavonoids contents | Herbarium CAG 737/A | [119] | |
Thymus herba-barona subsp. herba-barona | Diethyl ether extract * | Aerial parts | Flavanones (eriodictyol, naringenin) and flavones (luteolin, sorbifolin, thymusin, cirsiliol, apigenin, sideritoflavone, cirsimaritin, cirsilineol, xanthomicrol, 8-methoxycirsilineol and genkwanin) | N.A. | [243] |
Essential oil * | Aerial parts | Eight chemotypes (thymol, carvacrol, linalool, geraniol, α-terpenyl acetate, terpinen-4-ol, carvone and cis-dihydrocarvone) | N.A. | [67,190] | |
Essential oil | Aerial parts | Differences between two sites (thymol, p-cymene, γ-terpinene, linalool; thymol, carvacrol, p-cymene, γ-terpinene borneol) | N.A. | [78] | |
Essential oil | Aerial parts | Carvacrol, borneol, p-cymene | N.A. | [79] | |
Essential oil | Aerial parts | Linalool, carvacrol | Herbarium CAG 1065 | [244] | |
Essential oil | Aerial parts | Carvacrol, thymol | Herbarium CAG 1065 | [77] | |
Verbascum conocarpum subsp. conocarpum | Ethanolic extract | Aerial parts | One iridoid (aucubin) and a phenyl-propanoid compound (verbascoside) | Herbarium CAG 27-2 | [237] |
Vinca difformis subsp. sardoa | N.A. | Roots | Alkaloids (norfluorocurarine, akuammigine, carapanaubine, majdine, isomajdine, rauvoxinine, ent-N(1)-methyl-14,15-didehydroaspidospermidine **, N(1)-methyl-14,15-didehydroaspidofractinine **, N(1)-methylaspidofractinine **, N(1)-methyl-14,15-didehydrotuboxenine **) | N.A. | [245] |
Aqueous acetic acid extract | Aerial parts | Indole alkaloids (conoflorine, N(1)-methyl-14,15-didehydro-12-hydroxyaspidofractinine **, N(1)-methyl-14,15-didehydro-12-methoxyaspidofractinine **, N(1)-formyl-14,15-didehydroaspidofractinine **, N(1)-formyl-14,15-didehydro-12-hydroxyaspidofractinine **, venalstonine and N(1)-methyl-14,15-didehydroaspidofractinine) | N.A. | [246] | |
Ethanol extract | Aerial parts | Iridoid glucosides (loganic acid and loganin) | N.A. | [247] | |
Methanolic extract | Leaves | Quinic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeoylquinic acid isomer 1 and robinin | Herbarium SASSA 820 | [140] | |
Histochemical preparation | Roots, stems, petioles, leaves and flowers | Indole alkaloids | Herbarium CAG 1301 [248] | [248,249] |
N.A. = information not available; * Samples collected in countries other than Sardinia; ** Compounds isolated for the first time from Sardinian endemic species.