Table 2.

Advances in immunotherapy against leishmaniasis.

Agent	Type of Therapy	Protection	Host	Reference(s)
Leishmania + M. vaccae + Meglumine antimoniate	Immunotherapy	Effective treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis; not as effective as glucantime	Dogs	[111]
Recombinant IL-12	Immunotherapy	Promoted parasite clearance and induced protective immunity against L. major challenge	Mice	[113]
Recombinant CXCL-10	Immunotherapy	Significantly decreased parasite burden, increased NO production and Th1 response	Mice	[114]
Anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibodies	Immunotherapy	Increased induction of protective immune cells resulting in lower parasite burden	Mice	[116]
IL-2 and IL-10 blockade by monoclonal antibody treatment	Immunotherapy	Effectively restored the host’s T cell functions leading to reduced parasite burdens	Mice	[118,119]
CAL-101 (p110δ- inhibitor)	Chemotherapy	Reduced parasite burden in cutaneous lesions, spleens, and liver	Mice	[120]
GSK-2126458 and rapamycin (m-Tor inhibitor)	Chemotherapy	Controlled disease progression and reduced parasite burden	Mice	[121]
Liver X receptors deletion	Immunotherapy	Reduced parasite burden in liver	Mice	[123]
Pentraxin-3 (PTX-3) gene deletion	Immunotherapy	Reduced cutaneous lesion and parasite burden by enhancing Th17/I17 response	Mice	[125]
Semaphorin-3E gene deletion	Immunotherapy	Reduced cutaneous lesion and parasite burden by increasing Th1 response	Mice	[126]
Allopurinol & Leishmania vaccine	Immunotherapy + chemotherapy	Clearance of L. infantum and long-lasting immunity	Mice	[127]
Soluble L. donovani antigen (SLDA) pulsed-BMDCs & sodium antimony gluconate	Immunotherapy + chemotherapy	Complete parasite clearance from liver and spleens	Mice	[128]