Table 3.
Comparison of typical CTC release approaches under nanotechnology-assisted microfluidic devices.
| Mechanism | Material | Reference | Treatment Conditions | Capture Efficiency | Release Efficiency | Cell Viability | Cell Types |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Enzymatic Degradation | SiO2@Gelbead + PDMS microfluidic filter | [95] | Solution of MMP-9 enzyme | 75% | 97.2% ± 2.1% | >97% | HCT116 cells |
| PDMS herringbone structure + aptamer-conjugated MBs were trapped on the substrate of Ni pillar arrays | [56] | Exonuclease at 37 °C for 15 min | ~91% | ~68.4% | NA | HCCLM9 cells | |
| Light-Controlled | Detachable beads conjugated to antiEpCAM antibodies + 8 μm microporemembrane | [57] | Irradiation from an LED light source (λ = 365 nm) | 89.1% | 98.4% | 97% | SKBR3 cells |
| 7-Aminocoumarin reacted with biotin to bridge the antiEpCAM antibogshdy and streptavidin (SA) modified MBs | [96] | UV or near-infrared (NIR) light irradiation | ~91% | 73% ± 4% and 52% ± 6% | 90% and 97% | HeLa, MCF-7 and SKBR3 cells | |
| Thermal-Controlled | Silicon nanopillars coated with PNIPAAm + antibody | [98] | Alternating temperatures between 37 °C and 20 °C | 97.3% ± 0.4% | 98.8% ± 0.5% | ~95% | MCF-7 cells |
| 3D PDMS scaffold chip with gelatin coating + antibody | [58] | Incubated for 10 min at 37 °C | 88% | 86% | 90% | MCF-7 cells and Hela cells | |
| Aptamer-functionalized tapered chamber + temperature control chip | [100] | Heated at 48 °C for 2 min | ~92% | ~80% | Normal proliferation | CCRF-CEM cells | |
| Electrochemical and Chemical Reagent-Triggered | Thiol-containing ligand assembled gold surfaces of PDMS micropillar-array | [59] | At voltage of −1.2 V for 10 min | 85~100% | >93% | >95% | MCF-7 cells and HepG2 cells |
| 3D PEDOT-based nanorod arrays coated with PLL-g-PEG-biotin | [102] | 20 cycles of cyclic voltammetry sweeping from −0.8 to 0.5 V | NA | >90% | ~90% | MCF-7 cells and Hela cells | |
| TiO2 nanorod arrays coated with transparent MnO2 nanoparticles | [104] | Oxalic acid solution | >60% | 89.9% | >90% | SW480 and MCF-7 cells | |
| Anti-EpCAM functionalized zinc oxide nanowires on glass substrate | [105] | 1% sodium citrate in water (pH 6.5) | 90% ± 1% | 88% ± 4% | 92% ± 1% | MCF-7 cell | |
| Ligand Competition | Anti-EpCAM- deposit alginate coating on fluorescent-magnetic nanospheres | [106] | EDTA treatment | >85% | ~65% | ~70% | SKBR3 cells |
| Thiol-modified AuNPs + anti-EpCAM assembled on a PDMS HB chip | [65] | GSH | Average of 68% ± 29.2% (MDA-MB-231) and 72% ± 26.4% (PC3 cells) | 92% (PC3) and 91% (MDA-MB-231) | 78% (MDA-MB-231) and 87% (PC3) | PC3 cells and MDA-MB-231 cells | |
| PBA-grafted PEDOT NanoVelcro chip | [107] | 0.5 M sorbitol solution | ~70% | >95% | >96% | LNCaP and PC3 cells |