Table 1.
Seeds | Skins | Stems | Pomace | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ethanol | Ethanol/ Water |
Water | Ethanol | Ethanol/ Water |
Water | Ethanol | Ethanol/ Water |
Water | Ethanol | Ethanol/ Water |
Water | |
Phenolic acids | ||||||||||||
Gallic acid | 7.42 ± 0.39 a | 16.66 ± 0.30 b | 41.45 ± 0.27 c | 3.88 ± 0.27 a | 4.18 ± 0.40 a | 1.65 ± 0.28 b | 3.70 ± 0.02 a | 12.36 ± 1.47 b | 14.98 ± 5.10 b | 6.57 ± 0.08 a | 17.85 ± 1.10 b | 12.65 ± 0.23 c |
Protocatechic acid | 2.61 ± 0.00 a | 3.66 ± 0.07 b | 1.54 ± 0.04 c | 2.65 ± 0.33 a | 2.62 ± 0.30 a | 5.22 ± 0.91 b | 2.15 ± 0.06 a | 5.22 ± 0.67 b | 2.64 ± 0.26 a | 2.88 ± 0.11 a | 5.72 ± 0.42 b | 2.82 ± 0.00 a |
Flavanols | ||||||||||||
Catechin | 22.06 ± 2.04 a | 33.04 ± 6.25 b | 26.73 ± 2.33 a,b | 3.31 ± 4.67 a | 6.81 ± 0.29 a | NQ | NQ | 23.42 ± 1.01 a | 6.90 ± 0.19 b | 7.98 ± 0.07 a | 17.45 ± 0.22 b | 4.72 ± 0.40 c |
Epicatechin | 27.47 ± 0.17 a | 40.02 ± 2.04 b | 23.75 ± 2.07 c | NQ | 6.22 ± 0.97 | NQ | NQ | 17.09 ± 0.13 a | 6.76 ± 0.00 b | 6.59 ± 0.00 a | 16.75 ± 0.77 b | 5.91 ± 0.76 a |
Pc B1 | 22.53 ± 3.24 a,b | 29.36 ± 6.32 a | 18.09 ± 1.84 b | 2.96 ± 0.00 a | 9.53 ± 0.06 b | NQ | NQ | 28.33 ± 2.90 a | 10.38 ± 5.79 b | 8.44 ± 0.14 a | 18.07 ± 0.44 b | 7.42 ± 0.40 c |
Flavonols | ||||||||||||
Q-3-O-rutin | 0.54 ± 0.18 a | 0.95 ± 0.03 b | 0.30 ± 0.06 c | 5.11 ± 0.21 a | 6.28 ± 1.39 a | 0.23 ± 0.03 b | 0.30 ± 0.01 a | 6.62 ± 0.67 b | 0.59 ± 0.13 a | 1.54 ± 0.12 a | 5.77 ± 1.05 b | 0.35 ± 0.06 c |
Q-3-O-gluc | 1.19 ± 0.36 a | 3.76 ± 0.07 b | 1.18 ± 0.18 a | 28.97 ± 5.46 a | 48.85 ± 6.54 b | 0.53 ± 0.14 c | 0.77 ± 0.01 a | 45.05 ± 7.73 b | 5.64 ± 1.97 a | 10.87 ± 0.50 a | 47.81 ± 5.38 b | 2.91 ± 0.01 c |
K-3-O-gluc | 0.20 ± 0.05 a | 0.49 ± 0.01 b | 0.18 ± 0.00 a | 6.90 ± 1.10 a | 7.38 ± 0.03 a | 4.77 ± 0.00 b | NQ | 3.73 ± 0.47 a | 0.56 ± 0.03 b | 1.87 ± 0.03 a | 6.18 ± 0.46 b | 0.43 ± 0.00 c |
Each value represents the mean (n = 3) ± SD. For the same byproduct, values in the same row followed by different letters indicate significant differences between extracts obtained with different solvents by Tukey’s test (p < 0.05). NQ: not quantified. Pc, proanthocyanidin; Q, quercetin; K, kaempferol; rutin, rutinoside; gluc, glucoside; glucu, glucuronide.