Table 1.

Description of repurposed drugs currently in clinical trials for COVID-19.

Drug(s)	Antiviral Activity	Number of Clinical Trials	Reference
Lopinavir/ritonavir	Coronavirus protease (CLpro) inhibitor	18	[26,27]
Chloroquine/ hydroxy-chloroquine	i. Acidification of endosomes/lysosomes ii. Impair glycosylation of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)	117	[28,29,30]
Azithromycin	i. Endosome acidification ii. Immunomodulatory	34	[31] [32]
Arbidol	i. Interference with virus trafficking ii. Blocks trimerization of spike (S) glycoprotein	3	[33] [34]
Camostat mesylate	Serine protease (TMPRSS2) inhibitor	3	[35]
Nafamostat mesylate	Serine protease (TMPRSS2) inhibitor	2	[36]
Nitazoxanide	Inhibition of cytokine production	5	[37]
Clevudine	Inhibition of viral RNA synthesis	1	[38,39]
Favipiravir	RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) inhibitor	7	[40]
Oseltamivir	Neuraminidase inhibitor	4	[41]
Darunavir/cobicistat	HIV protease inhibitor/ CYP3A inhibitor	1	[42]
Selinexor	Selective inhibitor nuclear export (SINE)	2	[43]
Ivermectin	Inhibition of nuclear importin (IMPα/β) transporter	12	[44]
Carrimycin	Prevent respiratory tract infection	1	[45]
Ribavirin	i. RdRp inhibitor ii. Immunomodulatory	2	[46,47]
Immunomodulators
Baricitinib	Janus kinase (JAK1 and JAK2) inhibitor	6	[48]
Ruxolitinib	Janus kinase inhibitor	8	[49]
Fingolimod	Anti-inflammatory (sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor subtype 1 modulatory)	1	[50]
Aviptadil	i. Broncho- and vasodilation ii. Anti-inflammatory	2	[51]
Thalidomide	Anti-inflammatory	2	[52]
Tocilizumab	IL-6 antagonist	18	[53]
Bevacizumab	Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitor	2	[54]
Eculizumab	Complement protein C5 inhibitor	3	[55]
Interferons	Immune activation against virus	18	[56,57]