Table 3.
Variables independently related to HIF-1α gene expression in the multiple regression analysis (stepwise method) without (model 1) or with (model 2) the inclusion of clock genes as independent variables.
| Model 1 | β | Beta 95% CI | p |
| Hba1c (%) | −0.226 | −0.323 (−0.344 to −0.109) | <0.001 |
| Gender (Female/Male) | 0.069 | - | 0.433 |
| BMI (Kg/m2) | 0.041 | - | 0.635 |
| Age (Years) | 0.013 | - | 0.878 |
| Constant | - | 3.363 (2.523 to 4.204) | <0.001 |
| R2 = 0.104 | |||
| Model 2 | Β | Beta 95% CI | p |
| PER1 | 0.519 | 0.307 (0.262 to 0.351) | <0.001 |
| PER2 | 0.254 | 0.345 (0.125 to 0.566) | 0.002 |
| CRY2 | 0.227 | 0.540 (0.198 to 0.882) | 0.002 |
| CLOCK | 0.192 | 0.328 (0.075 to 0.580) | 0.011 |
| PER3 | −0.160 | −0.363 (−0.581 to −0.145) | 0.001 |
| Gender (Female/Male) | 0.051 | - | 0.058 |
| RORA | −0.075 | - | 0.221 |
| Hba1c (%) | −0.033 | - | 0.245 |
| CRY1 | −0.084 | - | 0.372 |
| BMI (Kg/m2) | −0.008 | - | 0.750 |
| ARNTL | −0.017 | - | 0.823 |
| Age (Years) | 0.000 | - | 1.000 |
| Constant | - | −0.223 (−0.429 to −0.017) | 0.034 |
| R2 = 0.920 |
β: standardized coefficient; Beta: non-standardized coefficient; HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin; BMI: body mass index; CI: confidence interval; HIF: Hypoxia-Inducible Factor; PER: period homolog proteins; RORA: Retinoid-related orphan receptor alpha; ARNTL: Aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator-like protein-1; CLOCK: Circadian locomotor output cycles kaput; CRY: Cryptochrome proteins.