Table 6.

Bioprinted cells and bioactive molecules for nerve tissue engineering.

Cell	Bioactive Molecule	Material	Printing Resolution	Cell Density	Cell Viability	Printing Method	Application	Reference
Schwann cells	-	Alginate/HA	353 ± 7 μm	5.2 × 105 cells/mL	92.3%	Bioplotting	Good structural integrity and long-term cell viability	[146]
PC12 cell; RSC96 cell	NGF	GelMA/chitosan	545 ± 61 μm	-	97.1 ± 3.69%	Bioplotting	Enhance 3D neurite outgrowth and elongation	[104]
Schwann cells; NG108-15 cells	-	-	60 μm	2 × 105 cells/mL	89–92%; 86–96%	Inkjet	Neurite outgrows faster and earlier	[143]
Schwann cells	-	Gelatin/ sodium alginate	160 μm	2 × 106 cells/mL	91.87 ± 0.55%	Extrusion	Improve cell adhesion and related factor expression	[88]
NSCs	-	PU hydrogel	250 μm	4 × 106 cells/mL	~80%	FDM	Promote the recovery of traumatic brain injury in zebrafish	[16]
NSCs	VEGF	Collagen hydrogel/fibroin gel	700 μm	1 × 106 cells/mL	93.23 ± 3.77%	Inkjet	Support cellular proliferation and migration over time	[102]
Human fibroblasts	Forkhead box D3	PU hydrogel	410 μm	1 × 106 cells/mL	65%	Extrusion	Human fibroblasts could be reprogrammed into neural crest stem-like cells	[94]
NSCs	-	Graphene/PU hydrogel	410 μm	4 × 106 cells/mL	>60%	Extrusion	NSCs had a tendency to differentiate toward glial and neuronal lineages	[95]
iPSCs	-	GelMA/gelatin/fibroin gel	200 μm	1 × 107 cells/mL	>75%	Extrusion	Differentiate and extend axons throughout microscale scaffold channels	[159]
GMSCs	-	-	400~500 µm	-	~90%	Kenzan method	Promote rat facial nerve regeneration	[149]