Table 1.
Basic characteristics of 40,948 study participants, Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) waves I–VII.
| Men (n = 10,870) | I (n = 2209) | II (n = 902) | III (n = 630) | IV (n = 1904) | V (n = 1953) | VI (n = 1755) | VII (n = 1517) | p for Trend |
| Mean (SE) | ||||||||
| Height (cm) | 169.2 (0.2) | 169.3 (0.3) | 168.0 (0.3) | 168.5 (0.2) | 169.1 (0.2) | 169.3 (0.2) | 169.9 (0.2) | 0.007 |
| Weight (kg) | 65.7 (0.3) | 66.9 (0.4) | 67.0 (0.5) | 67.5 (0.3) | 68.1 (0.3) | 69.0 (0.3) | 71.0 (0.4) | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.9 (0.1) | 23.3 (0.1) | 23.7 (0.1) | 23.7 (0.1) | 23.8 (0.1) | 24.0 (0.1) | 24.5 (0.1) | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 81.9 (0.2) | 83.0 (0.3) | 83.3 (0.4) | 83.7 (0.3) | 83.4 (0.3) | 84.2 (0.3) | 86.1 (0.3) | <0.001 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 126.1 (0.5) | 123.8 (0.7) | 122.5 (0.8) | 120.0 (0.5) | 121.1 (0.4) | 119.1 (0.4) | 119.5 (0.4) | <0.001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 79.9 (0.3) | 78.7 (0.4) | 79.5 (0.5) | 78.0 (0.3) | 77.6 (0.3) | 75.7 (0.3) | 76.7 (0.3) | <0.001 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 100.4 (0.8) | 96.8 (0.7) | 95.5 (1.0) | 98.4 (0.6) | 99.2 (0.6) | 101.0 (0.6) | 102.2 (0.7) | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 185.3 (1.1) | 188.0 (1.5) | 182.9 (1.7) | 184.3 (1.0) | 187.7 (1.0) | 185.6 (1.0) | 190.4 (1.2) | 0.010 |
| AST (IU/L) | 29.4 (0.5) | 22.8 (0.3) | 24.7 (0.4) | 23.2 (0.3) | 22.6 (0.3) | 23.0 (0.3) | 23.7 (0.3) | <0.001 |
| ALT (IU/L) | 33.7 (0.9) | 23.7 (0.6) | 26.7 (0.8) | 25.8 (0.6) | 24.2 (0.4) | 25.3 (0.6) | 27.6 (0.7) | <0.001 |
| Energy intake (kcal/d) | 2221.1 (32.1) | 2149.5 (37.7) | 2225.5 (45.6) | 2073.8 (28.8) | 2272.7 (29.0) | 2271.6 (31.5) | 2152.2 (34.7) | 0.486 |
| Carbohydrate intake (%) | 66.3 (0.3) | 65.1 (0.5) | 65.2 (0.6) | 69.9 (0.4) | 68.1 (0.4) | 65.9 (0.4) | 65.5 (0.5) | 0.661 |
| Fat intake (%) | 16.9 (0.3) | 17.7 (0.4) | 17.7 (0.5) | 16.3 (0.3) | 17.9 (0.3) | 18.5 (0.3) | 19.9 (0.3) | <0.001 |
| Protein intake (%) | 15.7 (0.2) | 15.2 (0.2) | 15.4 (0.2) | 14.3 (0.1) | 14.1 (0.1) | 13.7 (0.1) | 14.9 (0.2) | <0.001 |
| N (%) | ||||||||
| Low physical activity | - | - | 158 (24.0) | 635 (33.7) | 843 (42.2) | 870 (47.6) | 919 (59.0) | <0.001 |
| Drinking < 30 g alcohol/occasion | 1620 (75.8) | 592 (67.7) | 328 (55.0) | 894 (48.6) | 1016 (52.1) | 884 (51.8) | 792 (54.5) | <0.001 |
| Current smoking | 1323 (60.4) | 429 (49.1) | 217 (34.0) | 554 (30.6) | 511 (29.1) | 457 (28.3) | 338 (23.0) | <0.001 |
| Low income | 479 (17.9) | 208 (21.7) | 184 (24.6) | 526 (21.2) | 508 (20.5) | 415 (17.6) | 355 (18.6) | 0.303 |
| Education < 12 years | 1637 (68.7) | 604 (62.4) | 473 (72.5) | 1449 (70.8) | 1410 (68.9) | 1207 (63.7) | 913 (56.7) | <0.001 |
| NAFLD | 410 (19.7) | 178 (19.7) | 125 (19.0) | 413 (25.2) | 365 (22.3) | 410 (25.9) | 412 (30.7) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 265 (10.5) | 89 (8.3) | 72 (7.3) | 262 (11.8) | 304 (12.1) | 287 (12.9) | 260 (13.3) | <0.001 |
| Women (n = 30,078) | I (n = 4013) | II (n = 2784) | III (n = 2085) | IV (n = 5954) | V (n = 6221) | VI (n = 5093) | VII (n = 3928) | p for Trend |
| Mean (SE) | ||||||||
| Height (cm) | 156.4 (0.2) | 156.2 (0.2) | 156.3 (0.2) | 156.0 (0.1) | 156.4 (0.1) | 157.1 (0.1) | 156.8 (0.1) | <0.001 |
| Weight (kg) | 56.3 (0.1) | 56.6 (0.2) | 57.0 (0.3) | 56.8 (0.1) | 57.1 (0.2) | 57.2 (0.2) | 57.6 (0.2) | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.0 (0.1) | 23.2 (0.1) | 23.3 (0.1) | 23.4 (0.1) | 23.4 (0.1) | 23.2 (0.1) | 23.4 (0.1) | 0.002 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 77.6 (0.2) | 78.1 (0.3) | 78.0 (0.3) | 78.8 (0.2) | 78.3 (0.2) | 77.9 (0.2) | 78.9 (0.2) | 0.009 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 122.5 (0.5) | 119.8 (0.5) | 117.1 (0.6) | 116.4 (0.3) | 118.6 (0.3) | 116.0 (0.3) | 117.9 (0.4) | <0.001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 75.8 (0.3) | 74.8 (0.3) | 75.0 (0.4) | 74.3 (0.2) | 74.2 (0.2) | 72.9 (0.2) | 73.6 (0.2) | <0.001 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 99.6 (0.7) | 96.2 (0.5) | 93.6 (0.7) | 96.3 (0.3) | 95.7 (0.3) | 97.6 (0.4) | 98.8 (0.4) | 0.241 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 186.4 (0.8) | 187.4 (0.8) | 184.8 (1.0) | 189.5 (0.6) | 190.5 (0.6) | 190.1 (0.6) | 195.2 (0.6) | <0.001 |
| AST (IU/L) | 24.4 (0.2) | 20.4 (0.2) | 21.8 (0.2) | 20.5 (0.2) | 20.1 (0.1) | 20.3 (0.2) | 20.8 (0.2) | <0.001 |
| ALT (IU/L) | 22.1 (0.3) | 17.0 (0.3) | 17.8 (0.3) | 18.3 (0.2) | 17.5 (0.2) | 17.7 (0.2) | 18.0 (0.2) | <0.001 |
| Energy intake (kcal/day) | 1751.0 (19.1) | 1744.4 (20.0) | 1773.0 (20.6) | 1572.0 (10.8) | 1682.9 (12.0) | 1748.4 (12.4) | 1618.4 (15.1) | <0.001 |
| Carbohydrate intake (%) | 69.4 (0.3) | 68.5 (0.3) | 66.6 (0.3) | 71.6 (0.2) | 70.4 (0.2) | 67.0 (0.2) | 67.8 (0.3) | <0.001 |
| Fat intake (%) | 16.1 (0.2) | 16.0 (0.2) | 17.5 (0.3) | 15.6 (0.2) | 16.7 (0.2) | 18.4 (0.2) | 19.6 (0.2) | <0.001 |
| Protein intake (%) | 15.4 (0.3) | 14.4 (0.1) | 15.1 (0.2) | 14.0 (0.1) | 14.0 (0.1) | 13.6 (0.1) | 14.3 (0.1) | <0.001 |
| N (%) | ||||||||
| Low physical activity | - | - | 567 (27.1) | 2378 (40.4) | 3152 (51.0) | 2938 (55.8) | 2552 (65.1) | <0.001 |
| Drinking < 30 g alcohol/occasion | 2054 (54.5) | 1499 (55.5) | 1151 (58.3) | 2764 (49.3) | 3140 (53.3) | 2573 (53.3) | 2010 (53.9) | 0.164 |
| Current smoking | 254 (5.9) | 113 (3.9) | 69 (3.5) | 210 (3.8) | 179 (3.4) | 130 (2.7) | 90 (2.5) | <0.001 |
| Low income | 924 (19.7) | 668 (24.0) | 544 (22.3) | 1502 (20.1) | 1392 (20.0) | 1072 (17.3) | 914 (19.8) | 0.005 |
| Education < 12 years | 3361 (80.3) | 2196 (76.4) | 1644 (75.7) | 4722 (75.6) | 4665 (72.5) | 3592 (66.2) | 2540 (63.0) | <0.001 |
| NAFLD | 819 (18.7) | 542 (19.2) | 388 (18.7) | 1322 (21.2) | 1266 (19.9) | 1088 (19.7) | 903 (21.6) | 0.019 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 378 (8.5) | 241 (7.9) | 161 (7.3) | 630 (9.4) | 641 (9.1) | 580 (9.4) | 532 (11.9) | <0.001 |
KNHANES, Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; AST, aspartate transaminase; ALT, alanine aminotrasnferase; NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.