Table 2.
Demographic and clinical characterizations of different individuals based on different age groups with or without smoking habits.
| Groups (Age in Years) n = Subjects |
Sex M/F |
Fasting Blood Glucose (mg/dL) | HbA1C (%) |
Smoking Duration (years ± SD) | Serum Pentosidine (µg/mL ± SD) | Carbonyl Content (nmol/mg protein) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I (21–40) n = 25 |
16/09 | 83.0 ± 7.1 | 5.4 ± 0.3 | ― | 0.0259 ± 0.0021 | 0.78 ± 0.15 |
| I-S (21–40) n = 25 |
15/10 | 85.1 ± 7.1 | 5.5 ± 0.5 | 10.5 ± 5.1 | 0.0264 ± 0.0024 | 0.93 ± 0.14 |
| II (41–60) n = 25 |
16/09 | 90.3 ± 8.5 | 5.6 ± 0.4 | ― | 0.0262 ± 0.0030 | 0.84 ± 0.14 |
| II-S (41–60) n = 25 |
16/09 | 94.2 ± 8.5 | 5.6 ± 0.3 | 16.9 ± 7.7 | 0.0269 ± 0.0029 | 1.2 ± 0.2 |
| III (61–80) n = 25 |
15/10 | 94.8 ± 7.3 | 5.8 ± 0.5 | ― | 0.0265 ± 0.0022 | 0.92 ± 0.22 |
| III-S (61–80) n = 25 |
15/10 | 98.8 ± 8.3 | 5.9 ± 0.4 | 19.9 ± 9.7 | 0.0285 ± 0.0031 * | 1.64 ± 0.4 ** |
| IV (> 80) n = 25 |
25/25 | 106 ± 8.5 | 6.3 ± 0.7 | ― | 0.0271 ± 0.0027 | 1.21 ± 0.3 |
| IV-S (> 80) n = 25 |
25/25 | 118 ± 9.5 | 6.9 ± 0.8 | 29.9 ± 11.7 | 0.0321 ± 0.0029 * | 2.42 ± 0.5 *** |
For pentosidine and carbonyl content assay, each serum sample was run in duplicate. All data are given in mean ± standard deviation (SD). Signs ‘S’ represents smokers. t test was adopted for the comparison between the two groups and significance is defined as * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, when compared between smokers and non-smokers with same age groups.