Table 2.

Clinical results of the included studies.

Author	Intervention(s)	Control	Follow-up	Results
Ansai	Multicomponent training: protocol consisting of warm-up, aerobic, strength, balance, and cool-down exercises for 16 weeks	No intervention	22 w	There were no significant differences between groups and assessments in any variable.
	Resistance training: leg press, chest press, calf, back extension, abdominal, and rowing for 16 weeks
Arkkukangas	OEP: home-based exercise program designed to improve strength, balance, and endurance over 12 weeks	No intervention	12 w	In the short-term perspective, there were no benefits of an exercise program regarding physical performance, fall self-efficacy, activity level, hand-grip strength, and fall frequency in comparison to a CG.
Arnold	AE protocol consisted of lower- and upper-extremity strengthening, trunk-control, and balance exercises twice a week for 11 weeks (preceded by educational session in the aquatics and education group)	No intervention	11 w	Significant improvement in fall risk factors (p = 0.038) with the combination of aquatic exercise and education.
Boongird	Modified OEP: five combined leg-muscle strengthening, balance retraining, and stretching exercises, which progressed in difficulty, and a walking plan	Fall prevention education	12 m	The incidence of falls was 0.30 falls per person year in the EG, compared with 0.40 in the CG. The fear of falling was significantly lower in the EG than CG (p = 0.003).
Clemson	Lifestyle Approach to Reducing Falls through Exercise (LiFE) program: home-based balance and strengthening exercise program for fall prevention	No intervention	6 m	The relative risk analysis demonstrated a significant reduction in falls in EG (RR = 0.23). Dynamic balance improved for the LiFE program participants (p = 0.04).
El-Khoury	Ossébo program: weekly supervised group sessions of progressive balance training for two years, supplemented by individually prescribed home exercises	No intervention	24 m	The injurious fall rate was 19% lower in the EG than in the CG (p = 0.04). The EG fared significantly better than the CG in all balance and gait performance tests.
Gianoudis	Multimodal program incorporating high-velocity progressive resistance training, weight-bearing impact and/or balance training, and fall-prevention exercises, performed three days per week for 12 months	Standard care self-management	12 m	There were no significant differences in fall incidence between the groups, or in the number of participants sustaining one or more falls or multiple falls.
Hale	Water-based exercise classes twice weekly for 12 weeks	Time-matched computer training program for 12 weeks	12 w	Water-based exercise did not reduce falls risk compared with attending a computer-skills training class.
Hewiit	Resistance training plus balance exercises performed in a group setting for 50 h over a 25-week period (Sunbeam program), followed by a maintenance period for 6 months	Regular activity schedule	12 m	Overall incidence of falls in the EG of 1.31 per person-year, compared with 2.91 in the CG. A significantly greater improvement was found in physical performance in the EG than in the CG (p = 0.02).
Jacobson	Standing, static balancing, and mild leg exercise, 12 min per session, three times per week for 12 weeks.	Regular group exercise	12 w	Significant (p < 0.01) improvement for the EG over the CG in the 30 s chair test repetitions, 8-foot up and go test, balance assessment, and leg-function assessments.
Leiros-Rodriíguez	12 sessions of balance exercises for 50 min	No intervention	4 w	Berg Balance Scale, timed up-and-go test, and SF-12 showed statistically significant differences in the EG (p < 0.05).
Liu-Ambrose	Usual care plus OEP (a home-based strength and balance retraining exercise program) for 12 months	Fall-prevention care	11 m	Fall rates were lower in the EG compared with CG (IRR, 0.64; p = 0.009). The estimated fall rate incidence was 1.4 per person-year in the EG and 2.1 in the CG (p = 0.006).
Miko	12-month of balance-training exercise program (three times a week for 30 min)	No intervention	12 m	TUG and BBS test scores showed a statistically significant difference between EG and CG (p < 0.005). The event rate for the number of patients who fell was 0.122 in the EG and 0.229 in the CG, thus the relative risk of falls was 0.534 (p = 0.17).
Patil	Group exercise classes twice a week for 12 months and once a week for the subsequent 12 months and home exercises	Current physical activity	24 m	Timed up-and-go and grip strength did not differ between groups. There was no difference in the total falls incidence rate ratio (IRR = 1.0).
Patti	Joint mobility, cardiovascular exercise, strengthening of core stability, proprioceptive training, and eye–hand/eye–foot coordinative exercises for 13 weeks	No intervention	14 w	Only the EG group demonstrated significant improvements in balance skills (p < 0.0001).
Smulders	11 sessions over 5.5 weeks of education, obstacle course, walking exercises, weight-bearing exercises, correction of gait abnormalities, and training in fall technique	No intervention	12 m	The fall rate in the exercise group was 39% lower than for the control group (0.72 vs 1.18 falls/person-year; risk ratio of 0.61).

OEP: Otago Exercise Program; AE: aquatic exercise; w: weeks; m: months; CG: control group; EG: experimental group.