Table 3.
Summary of studies examining the relationship between dietary factors and DNA methylation and their association with obesity traits and/or cardiometabolic disorders.
| First Author and Year of Publication | Country | Study Design | Study Population | Dietary Factors | DNA Methylation Markers | Sample Type | DNA Methylation Method | Main Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hermsdorff et al. 2013 [61] | Spain | Cross-sectional | 40 normal-weight women | Energy and fat | TNF-α | Blood | Epityper Methylation Analysis | Women with high truncal fat showed lower TNF-α methylation than those with lower truncal adiposity. Intake of n-6 fatty acid was negatively associated with TNF-α methylation |
| Gomez-Uriz et al. 2014 [65] | Spain | Case Control | 12 patients with a first episode of parenchymal ischemic stroke and 12 patients with non-vascular neurological disorder |
Nutrients and indexes of quality of diet | TNF-α and PON | Blood | Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Time Of Flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry | TNF-α methylation was related to lipid intake and dietary indexes in non-stroke patients. PON methylation was related to energy intake and quality of the diet |
| Carraro et al. 2016 [62] | Spain | Cross-sectional | 40 normal-weight healthy women | Fruit and Healthy Eating Index | TNF-α | Blood | MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry | Healthy eating index was negatively associated with TNF-α methylation level. A higher intake of fruits was associated with lower TNF-α methylation |
| Ramos-Lopez et al. 2017 [63] | Spain | Cross-sectional | 47 obese adults from the Metabolic Syndrome Reduction in Navarra, Spain trial | Folate | Genomic methylation profile | Blood | Infinium Illumina Human Methylation 450 k BeadChip arrays | A total of 51 CpGs were associated with folate intake, including one located in the CAMKK2 gene. Folate deficiency was related to lower CAMKK2 methylation |
| Ramos-Lopez et al. 2019 [64] | Spain | Cross-sectional | 247 adults from the Methyl Epigenome Network Association project | Energy, carbohydrates, protein, and fat | Genomic methylation profile | Blood | Infinium Illumina Human Methylation 450 k BeadChip arrays | Methylation of SLC18A1, SLC6A3, and SLC6A3 correlated with total energy consumption and carbohydrate intake |