Table 3.
Chemical composition and bioactive compounds of whole flours obtained by stone-milling and roller-milling.
| Bolero cv | CWRS | Bona Vita cv | Skorpion cv | Average of All Samples | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stone-Milling | Roller-Milling | Stone-Milling | Roller-Milling | Stone-Milling | Roller-Milling | Stone-Milling | Roller-Milling | Stone-Milling | Roller-Milling | |
| Moisture | 11.8 ± 0.1 | 13.2 ± 0.7 | 14.8 ± 0.1 | 14.9 ± 0.7 | 11.8 ± 0.1 | 14.2 ± 0.1 * | 12.4 ± 0.2 | 13.9 ± 0.1 * | 12.7 | 14.05 |
| Protein | 16.7 ± 0.3 | 16.8 ± 0.2 | 16.9 ± 0.2 | 16.8 ± 0.2 | 15.4 ± 0.2 | 15.9 ± 0.2 | 15.3 ± 0.3 | 15.8 ± 0.8 | 16.1 | 16.3 |
| Ash | 1.5 ± 0.1 | 1.8 ± 0.1 | 1.5 ± 0.1 | 1.3 ± 0.1 | 1.7 ± 0.2 | 2.0 ± 0.2 | 1.7 ± 0.2 | 1.6 ± 0.1 | 1.6 | 1.7 |
| Fat | 1.8 ± 0.1 | 2.1 ± 0.01 | 1.9 ± 0.002 | 2.3 ± 0.1 | 2.4 ± 0.1 | 2.2 ± 0.04 | 1.9 ± 0.2 | 2.3 ± 0.3 | 2.0 | 2.2 |
| Starch | ||||||||||
| Total | 66.5 ± 0.7 | 65.9 ± 0.3 | 67.9 ± 1.0 | 70.4 ± 0.4 | 66.8 ± 0.2 | 65.6 ± 0.8 | 68.5 ± 0.2 | 67.5 ± 0.5 | 67.4 | 67.4 |
| Damaged | 3.3 ± 0.1 | 2.2 ± 0.3 | 5.0 ± 0.5 | 6.2 ± 0.5 | 4.0 ± 0.3 | 3.5 ± 0.3 | 4.7 ± 1.0 | 4.3 ± 0.4 | 4.3 | 4.1 |
| Dietary Fiber | ||||||||||
| Total | 13.4 ± 0.4 | 13.4 ± 0.1 | 11.7 ± 1.2 | 9.3 ± 0.2 | 13.6 ± 0.1 | 14.3 ± 0.4 | 12.5 ± 0.2 | 12.8 ± 0.2 | 12.8 | 12.5 |
| Insoluble | 11.2 ± 0.01 | 11.5 ± 0.2 | 9.8 ± 0.6 | 7.0 ± 0.5 | 11.8 ± 0.1 | 12.1 ± 0.2 | 10.6 ± 0.3 | 10.6 ± 0.3 | 10.9 | 10.3 |
| Soluble | 2.2 ± 0.4 | 1.9 ± 0.3 | 1.9 ± 0.6 | 2.3 ± 0.3 | 1.8 ± 0.2 | 2.2 ± 0.2 | 1.9 ± 0.1 | 2.2 ± 0.2 | 2.0 | 2.2 |
| Arabinoxylan | ||||||||||
| Total | 4.0 ± 0.3 | 3.7 ± 0.12 | 3.74 ± 0.04 | 3.04 ± 0.05 * | 5.44 ± 0.20 | 4.79 ± 0.01 * | 4.01 ± 0.40 | 6.8 ± 0.2 * | 4.3 | 4.6 |
| Water extractable | 0.23 ± 0.01 | 0.19 ± 0.05 | 0.33 ± 0.02 | 0.29 ± 0.02 | 0.32 ± 0.02 | 0.52 ± 0.01 * | 0.50 ± 0.05 | 0.44 ± 0.01 | 0.35 | 0.36 |
| CWBPAs | 606 ± 42 | 626 ± 30 | 639 ± 54 | 684 ± 10 | 766 ± 16 | 886 ± 1 7 * | 897 ± 19 | 991 ± 7 * | 727 | 797 |
| CWB-Ferulic acid | 551 ± 39 | 570 ± 28 | 591 ± 52 | 629 ± 9 | 672 ± 16 | 783 ± 12 * | 792 ± 17 | 874 ± 6 * | 652 | 714 |
| CWB-Sinapic acid | 24.8 ± 2.3 | 25.5 ± 1.8 | 22.4 ± 0.9 | 26.4 ± 0.9 * | 50.5 ± 2.1 | 53.1 ± 6.5 | 46.2 ± 0.4 | 48.8 ± 1.9 | 36.0 | 38.5 |
| SPAs | 52.8 ± 3.9 | 52.2 ± 3.4 | 59.0 ± 5.5 | 56.9 ± 1.5 | 62.1 ± 5.2 | 74.5 ± 1.0 | 84.7 ± 13.7 | 91.7 ± 2.6 | 64.7 | 68.8 |
| S-Ferulic acid | 13.9 ± 0.9 | 13.9 ± 1.0 | 15.8 ± 1.9 | 14.9 ± 0.6 | 15.7 ± 2.2 | 18.7 ± 1.4 | 20.8 ± 3.4 | 23.1 ± 1.0 | 16.6 | 17.7 |
| S-Sinapic acid | 24.1 ± 1.4 | 23.7 ± 1.6 | 29.5 ± 2.7 | 29.1 ± 0.7 | 32.2 ± 2.0 | 38.4 ± 2.6 | 43.4 ± 7.1 | 45.2 ± 1.4 | 32.3 | 34.1 |
| Xanthophylls | ||||||||||
| Lutein | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 3.3 ± 0.1 | 3.0 ± 0.2 | n.d. | n.d. | - | - |
| Zeaxanthin | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.28 ± 0.02 | 0.24 ± 0.02 | n.d. | n.d. | - | - |
| TAC | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 22.7 ± 0.4 | 26.3 ± 0.2 * | - | - |
| ACABTS | 20.3 ± 0.3 | 20.2 ± 0.3 | 19.2 ± 0.3 | 19.1 ± 1.1 | 18.2 ± 0.8 | 18.0 ± 0.4 | 19.9 ± 0.7 | 18.6 ± 0.3 | 19.4 | 19.0 |
| ACFRAP | 7.3 ± 0.5 | 6.7 ± 0.4 | 6.3 ± 0.4 | 6.4 ± 0.2 | 6.4 ± 0.1 | 8.1 ± 0.4 * | 7.9 ± 0.6 | 7.3 ± 0.2 | 7.0 | 7.1 |
Protein, ash, fat, total dietary fiber and total arabinoxylans values are expressed as g/100 g dry basis. Damaged starch is expressed as g/100 g of total starch. Insoluble and soluble dietary fiber are reported as g/100 g dry basis of total dietary fiber. Water-extractable arabinoxylans are expressed as g/100 g dry basis the total arabinoxylans. Cell wall-bound phenolic acids (CWBPAs) and soluble (free and conjugated forms) phenolic acids (SPAs) are the sum of the single phenolic acids determined by means of RP-HPLC/DAD and are expressed as mg/kg dry basis. Xanthophyll (lutein and zeaxanthin) are expressed as mg/kg dry basis. Total anthocyanin content (TAC) is expressed as mg Cy-3-glc eq/kg dry basis. Antioxidant capacity (AC) measured by means of the ABTS and FRAP assays is expressed as mmol TE/kg dry basis. CWRS: commercial Canada Western Red Spring Wheat. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. The asterisks indicate significant differences between the means of stone- and roller-milled samples of each cv (* p < 0.01). The absence of asterisk indicates a not significant difference. n.d.: not determined.