Table 3.

Examples of genetic methods for ḥalāl authenticity analysis.

Methods	Aim	References
Simple sequence repeat (SSR) and Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)	Meat traceability Meat fraud	[81] [110]
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)	Pork derivatives detection Pork derivatives detection in gelatin Meat species identification Authenticity determination	[11,84] [111] [85,112,113] [94]
PCR- Restriction Fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP)	Pork meat detection in meat products Rabbit, rat and squirrel meat detection in frankfurter	[114] [92]
Real Time PCR	Horse and donkey meat detection Species identification of meat Pork meat detection Pork meat detection and quantification	[115,116]
Next Generation Sequencing	Identification of 46 different meat species in pure samples, in spiked samples and in ground meat samples	[117]
Aptamers	Application in analysis of foods	[118]
Isothermal amplification	Meat species identification Detection of meat of different species Review on Isothermal amplification techniques Rapid on-site detection of meat pork Nucleic acid detection	[119] [120] [121] [122] [123,124]