Table 2.
Antioxidant and clinical effect, that is propose as adjuvant therapy for the treatment of patients infected with COVID-19.
| Treatment | Antioxidant Effect | Clinical Effect | |
|---|---|---|---|
| NAC | ↑ | The synthesis of glutathione and glutathione-S-transferase activity [100]. | Lipid peroxidation, chloramine concentration, damage to ACE, lung edema and the concentrations of thromboxane and leukotriene B2 and B4 were diminished in the lungs. |
| ↓ | The levels of IL-8, IL-6, ICAM and decreases activation of NFκB [101,102]. | ||
| Vitamin C and E | ↑ | The adhesiveness of leukocytes in the microcirculation [108,109]. | The combined effect of therapy with vitamin E and vitamin C in severe post-operative patients resulted in a decrease in the incidence of ARDS or pneumonia, a decrease in organ failure and a tendency to decrease mortality at 28 days. |
| Ѳ | The production of OONO− and O2− by inhibiting the NAPH oxidase, the activation of protein phosphatase 2A and TNF-α [109,110,111,112]. | ||
| MT | ↑ | The intracellular glutathione synthesis [122]. | Melatonin enhances the immune response by improving proliferation and maturation of natural killing cells, T and B lymphocytes, granulocytes and monocytes in both bone marrow and other tissues and also presents anti-inflammatory action and induces the up-regulation of Nrf2 with therapeutic effects on hepato protection and cardio protection. |
| ↓ | The levels of hydroperoxide in mitochondria by restoring glutathione homeostasis and mitochondrial function in organelles under oxidative stress [120,123]. | ||
| QRC | Ѳ | The H+ −ATPase of the lysosomal membrane and the ATPase of proteins related to resistance to many drugs elevating the bioavailability drugs [126,127,128]. | It has antiviral, cardioprotective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic effects. |
| Pentoxifylline | ↑ | The glutathione levels, it maintains mitochondrial viability [133]. | Decreases duration of respiratory support and antibiotic treatment, diminished the need for vasopressors, resulted in a shorter hospitalization time and decreased incidence of metabolic acidosis, thrombocytopenia and disseminated intravascular coagulopathy. |
| ↓ | The levels of CRP and TNF-α [134]. | ||
| Ѳ | TNF-α production [132]. | ||
Abbreviations: NAC = N-acetylcysteine, ACE = Angiotensin converting enzyme, MT = Melatonin QRC = quercetin, ↑ Increases, ↓ Decreases, Ѳ Inhibits.