| APTES | 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane |
| Bq | 1,4-benzoquinone |
| CV | Coefficient of variation |
| DLS | Dynamic light scattering |
| ELS | Electrophoretic light scattering |
| FMN | Flavin mononucleotide |
| FWHM | Full width at a half maximum |
| HA | Humic acids |
| IEP | Isoelectric point |
| MNPs | Magnetite nanoparticles |
| NADH | Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide disodium salt-reduced |
| SEM | Scanning electron microscopy |
| XRD | X-ray diffraction analysis |