Table 2.

Clinical trials of stress-induced cancers in recent years.

Cancer type	Study	No. of patients	Evaluation index	Drug use period	Drugs
Breast cancer	Spera et al. (83)	1,144	Progression-free survival, overall response rate, and clinical benefit	During chemotherapy	β-blockers
	Shaashua et al. (84)	38	Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition Transcription factors (GATA-1, GATA-2, EGR3, STAT-3) Tumor-infiltrating monocytes; B cells	Perioperative period	Propranolol Etodolac (COX2 inhibitor)
	Haldar et al. (82)	38	Pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, CRP, and IFN-γ) Transcription factors (NF-κB, STAT3, ISRE) Proliferation marker Ki-67 PBMCs transcriptome	Perioperative period	Propranolol Etodolac
Lung cancer	Chaudhary et al. (81)	77	Pathological and imaging response, metastatic rate, and survival	During chemoradiotherapy	Propranolol
Ovarian cancer	Ramondetta et al. (80)	32	Anxiety, and depression Leukocyte expression of pro-inflammatory genes Serum IL-6, IL-8, IL-10	Before starting chemotherapy or surgery	Propranolol