Table 1.
Ongoing vaccine development initiatives against COVID-19 by different organizations that are at different phases of clinical and preclinical trials (updated on July 25, 2020).
| No. | Clinical/preclinical stage | Vaccine name/type | Remark | Organization/Company |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Phase IV | Oral polio vaccine | mixture of live attenuated poliovirus strains | Bandim Health Project, Denmark |
| 2 | Phase IV | BCG vaccine | live attenuated bacteria | Merck & Co. Inc., USA |
| 3 | Phase III | mRNA-1273 | LNP-encapsulated mRNA | Moderna Therapeutics Inc., USA |
| 4 | Phase III | Viral vaccine | Inactivated vaccine | Sinopharm, China; Wuhan Institute of Biological Products, China |
| 5 | Phase III | Coronavac | Inactivated + alum | Sinovac Biotech Ltd., China; Dynavax Technologies, USA; Instituto Butantan, Brazil; PT Bio Farma, Indonesia |
| 6 | Phase II | Ad5-nCoV | nonreplicating viral vector (Adenovirus Type 5 Vector) | Cansino Biologics Inc., China; The Beijing Institute of Biotechnology of the Academy of Military Medical Sciences, China |
| 7 | Phase I/II | AV-COVID-19 | autologous dendritic cells loaded with antigens from SARS-CoV-2 | Aivita Biomedical Inc., USA |
| 8 | Phase I/II | AG0301-COVID19 | DNA plasmid vaccine | Anges Inc., Japan; Osaka University, Japan; Takara Bio Inc., USA; Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Japan |
| 9 | Phase I/II | AZD-1222 (formerly ChAdOx1 nCoV-19) | nonreplicating viral vector-based | Astrazeneca, UK; The Jenner Institute, UK; University of Oxford, UK; Oxford Biomedicaplc, UK; Vaccines Manufacturing and Innovation Centre, UK; Pall Life Sciences, USA; Cobra Biologics, UK; Halix BV, Netherlands; Emergent Biosolutions Inc., USA; Catalent Inc., USA |
| 10 | Phase I/II | Covaxin | inactivated whole-virion vaccine | Bharat Biotech International Ltd., India |
| 11 | Phase I/II | BNT-162 | RNA vaccine; 3 LNP-mRNAs | Biontech AG, Germany; Shanghai Fosun Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., China; Pfizer Inc., USA |
| 12 | Phase I/II | SARS-CoV-2 vaccine | Inactivated vaccine | Chinese Academy of Medical Science, China; West China Second University Hospital, China; Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China |
| 13 | Phase I/II | Gam-COVID-Vac | nonreplicating viral vector (Adeno-based) | Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Russia; Health Ministry of the Russian Federation, Russia; Acellena Contract Drug Research & Development |
| 14 | Phase I/II | GX-19 | DNA Vaccine | Genexine Inc., South Korea; PT Kalbe FarmaTbk, Indonesia |
| 15 | Phase I/II | V-SARS | made from heat-inactivated plasma from donors with COVID-19 | Immunitor LLC, Canada |
| 16 | Phase I/II | COVAC1 | RNA vaccine (saRNA) | Imperial College, UK |
| 17 | Phase I/II | INO-4800 | DNA plasmid vaccine | Inovio Pharmaceuticals Inc., USA; Beijing Advaccine Biotechnology Co. Ltd., China; Geneone Life Science Inc., South Korea; Ology Bioservices Inc., USA; International Vaccine Institute, South Korea |
| 18 | Phase I/II | KBP-COVID-19 vaccine | protein subunit vaccine; RBD-based | Kentucky Bioprocessing (KBP), USA; U.S. biotech subsidiary of British American Tobacco (BAT) |
| 19 | Phase I/II | Allostim vaccine | bioengineered cells to provide protection from different viral infections | Mirror Biologics Inc., USA; Immunovative Therapies Ltd., Israel; Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Israel |
| 20 | Phase I/II | NVX-CoV2373 | protein subunit vaccine; full length recombinant SARS-CoV-2 glycoprotein nanoparticle vaccine adjuvanted with Matrix M | Novavax Inc., USA |
| 21 | Phase I/II | Adenoviral vector vaccine | nonreplicating viral vector; replication defective Simian Adenovirus (GRAd) encoding SARS-CoV-2 S | Reithera Srl, Italy; Leukocare AG, Germany; Univercells SA, Belgium |
| 22 | Phase I/II | LV-SMENP-DC | lentiviral vector system that express viral proteins and immune modulatory genes | Shenzhen Geno-immune, China |
| 23 | Phase I/II | BBIBP-CorV | Inactivated vaccine | Sinopharm, China; Beijing Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., China; Henan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China |
| 24 | Phase I/II | ZyCov-D | plasmid DNA vaccine | Zydus Cadila, India |
| 25 | Phase I | LUNAR-COV19 (ARCT-021) | RNA vaccine (mRNA) | Arcturus Therapeutics Holdings Inc., USA; Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore |
| 26 | Phase I | SCB-2019 | protein subunit vaccine; native-like trimeric subunit spike protein vaccine | Clover Biopharmaceuticals Inc., China; Glaxosmithkline plc., UK; Dynavax Technologies Corp., USA |
| 27 | Phase I | DNA vaccine | DNA with electroporation | Cobra Biologics Ltd., UK; Karolinska Institutet, Sweden |
| 28 | Phase I | CVnCoV | RNA vaccine (mRNA) | Curevac AG, Germany |
| 29 | Phase I | RUTI vaccine | replicating viral vector; attenuated influenza expressing an antigenic portion of the spike protein | Fundacio Institut Germans Trias i Pujol, Spain |
| 30 | Phase I | COVAX-19 | spike protein-based vaccine | Genecure Biotechnologies, USA; Vaxine, Australia; Medytox, South Korea |
| 31 | Phase I | DPX-COVID-19 | protein subunit vaccine; peptide antigens formulated in LNP | IMV Inc., Canada; University Laval, Canada |
| 32 | Phase I | IPT-001 | peptide-based vaccine | Intellistem Technologies Inc., Canada |
| 33 | Phase I | Virus-like particle vaccine; CoVLP | plant-derived VLP; CpG 1018 and pandemic adjuvant | Medicago Inc., Canada; Glaxosmithkline plc., UK |
| 34 | Phase I | Adjuvanted recombinant subunit vaccine | S protein (baculovirus production) | Sanofi SA, France; Glaxosmithkline plc., UK |
| 35 | Phase I | aAPC vaccine | lentiviral vector system to express SARS-CoV-2 minigenes engineered based on multiple viral genes | Shenzhen Geno-immune Medical Institute, China |
| 36 | Phase I | bacTRL-Spike | DNA vaccine | Symvivo Corp., Canada |
| 37 | Preclinical | mRNA vaccine | needle-free injection system to deliver mRNA | Abnova Corp., Taiwan; Pharmajet Inc., USA |
| 38 | Preclinical | SARS-CoV-2 vaccine | saponin-based adjuvant TQL-1055 with SARS-CoV-2 antigen | Adjuvance Technologies Inc., USA; National Institutes of Health, USA |
| 39 | Preclinical | MAPS vaccine | polysaccharide and the protein-based multiple antigen presenting system | Affinivax Inc., USA |
| 40 | Preclinical | Vaccine | protein subunit vaccine based on Spike protein | AJ Vaccines, Denmark |
| 41 | Preclinical | COVID-19 vaccine | triple antigen VLP vaccine | Akers Biosciences Inc., USA; Premas Biotech Pvt Ltd., India |
| 42 | Preclinical | Chimigen vaccine | recombinant protein vaccine | Akshaya Bio Inc., Canada; Cytovance Biologics, USA; Shenzhen Hepalink Pharmaceutical Group Co. Ltd., China |
| 43 | Preclinical | AdCOVID | nonreplicating viral vector; adenovirus-based NasoVAX expressing SARS-CoV-2 spike protein | Altimmune Inc., USA; University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA |
| 44 | Preclinical | COVID-19 vaccine | VLP vaccine | Artes Biotechnology GmbH, Germany |
| 45 | Preclinical | Recombinant coronavirus vaccine | spike protein-based | Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico |
| 46 | Preclinical | COVID-19 vaccine | spike protein-based | Autonomous University of Queretaro (UAQ), Mexico |
| 47 | Preclinical | Vaccine | protein subunit vaccine; based on peptides derived from spike protein | Axon Neuroscience SE, Cyprus |
| 48 | Preclinical | Vaccine | protein subunit vaccine; S1 or RBD of spike protein | Baylor College of Medicine, USA; New York Blood Center, USA; Fudan University, China |
| 49 | Preclinical | Vaccine | universal dendritic cell vaccine | Betta Pharmaceuticals Co. Ltd., China; Beijing Dingcheng Taiyuan Biotechnology, China |
| 50 | Preclinical | Vaccine | DNA vaccine | Bionet Asia, Thailand |
| 51 | Preclinical | SARS-CoV-2 vaccine | recombinant subunit vaccine | Chongqing Zhifei Biological Products Co. Ltd., China; Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China |
| 52 | Preclinical | Vaccine | protein-based vaccine | Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness, Norway; Dynavax Technologies Corp., USA |
| 53 | Preclinical | CDX-005 | live attenuated virus; codon deoptimized live attenuated vaccine | Codagenix Inc., USA; Serum Institute of India Ltd., India |
| 54 | Preclinical | Vaccine | multitope peptide-based vaccine (MPV) | Covaxx, a unit of United Biomedical Inc., USA |
| 55 | Preclinical | Vaccine | RNA vaccine; LNP-encapsulated mRNA | Daiichi Sankyo, Japan; University of Tokyo, Japan |
| 56 | Preclinical | Vaccine | develped on hyper-productive C1 gene-expression platform | Dyadic International Inc., USA; The Israel Institute for Biological Research, Israel |
| 57 | Preclinical | Vaccine | protein-based vaccine | Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Indonesia; PT Bio Farma, Indonesia |
| 58 | Preclinical | EXG-5003 | self-replicating RNA (srRNA) vaccine | Elixirgen Therapeutics Inc., USA |
| 59 | Preclinical | Covigenix | Fusogenix DNA vaccine | Entos Pharmaceuticals, Canada |
| 60 | Preclinical | Vaccine | vaccine contain virions, viral proteins at different stages of viral replication | Epitopoietic Research Corp., Belgium |
| 61 | Preclinical | EPV-CoV19 | protein subunit vaccine; spike protein | Epivax Inc., USA; University of Georgia, USA |
| 62 | Preclinical | mRNA vaccine | RNA vaccine; mRNA in an intranasal delivery system | Etherna Immunotherapies NV, Belgium |
| 63 | Preclinical | Vaccine (protein subunit; virus-like particle) | drosophila S2 insect cell expression system VLPs | ExpreS2ion Biotechnologies ApS, Denmark; Adaptvac ApS, Denmark; AGC Biologics, Denmark; Bavarian Nordic A/S, Denmark |
| 64 | Preclinical | Flowvax | protein subunit vaccine; peptide | Flow Pharma Inc., USA; University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, USA |
| 65 | Preclinical | Coroflu | replicating viral vector; M2-deficient single replication (M2SR) influenza vector | Flugen Inc., USA; Bharat Biotech International Ltd., India; University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA |
| 66 | Preclinical | Vaccine | RNA vaccine; LNP-encapsulated mRNA cocktail encoding VLP | Fudan University, China; Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China; RNACure Biopharma, China |
| 67 | Preclinical | Li-key peptide vaccine | protein subunit vaccine | Generex Biotechnology Corp., USA; Biology Institute of Shandong Academy of Sciences, China |
| 68 | Preclinical | GV-MVA-VLP vaccine platform | nonreplicating viral vector | Geovax Labs Inc., USA; Bravovax, China; Sino Biological Inc., China |
| 69 | Preclinical | Vaccine | nonreplicating viral vector; MVA-S encoded | German Center for Infection Research, Germany |
| 70 | Preclinical | Vaccine | nonreplicating viral vector; Ad5 S (GREVAX platform) | Greffex Inc., USA |
| 71 | Preclinical | gp-96 vaccine | protein subunit vaccine; gp-96 backbone | Heat Biologics Inc., USA; Zolovax Inc., USA; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, USA |
| 72 | Preclinical | Vaxcelerate vaccine | based on self-assembling vaccine (SAV) platform | Hoth Therapeutics Inc., USA; Voltron Therapeutics Inc., USA |
| 73 | Preclinical | COVID-19 vaccine | details not known | Hualan Biological Engineering, China |
| 74 | Preclinical | IBIO-201 | protein subunit vaccine; SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-based | Ibio Inc., USA |
| 75 | Preclinical | SARS-CoV-2 Virus-Like Particle | subunit protein, plant produced | Ibio Inc., USA; Beijing CC-Pharming Ltd., China |
| 76 | Preclinical | SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (injectable) | vaccine developed using Sendai virus vector | ID Pharma Co. Ltd., Japan; Fudan University, China |
| 77 | Preclinical | COVID-19 vaccine | virus suppressing factor-based vaccine | Immunemed, South Korea; Seoul National University Hospital, South Korea |
| 78 | Preclinical | Nucleic acid vaccine | plasmid DNA, needle-free delivery | Immunomic Therapeutics Inc., USA; Epivax Inc., USA; Pharmajet Inc., USA |
| 79 | Preclinical | Vaccine | protein subunit vaccine; spike-based (epitope screening) | Immunoprecise Antibodies Ltd., Canada; EVQLV Inc., USA; Litevax BV, Netherlands |
| 80 | Preclinical | Vaccine | VLP; ADDomer multiepitope display | Imophoron Ltd., UK; Bristol University’s Max Planck Centre, UK |
| 81 | Preclinical | Vaccine | saRNA vaccine | Imperial College London, UK; Maravai Lifesciences Inc., USA; Trilink Biotechnologies Inc., USA |
| 82 | Preclinical | Vaccine | developed based on recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV) technology | International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, USA; Batavia |
| 83 | Preclinical | COVID-19 vaccine | protein subunit vaccine; outer membrane vesicle (OMV)-subunit | Intravacc, Netherlands; Epivax Inc., USA |
| 84 | Preclinical | Vaccine | DNA vaccine | Johnson & Johnson, Belgium; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, USA |
| 85 | Preclinical | Vaccine | Ad26.COV2-S recombinant vaccine | Johnson & Johnson, Belgium; Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), USA; Emergent Biosolutions Inc., USA; Catalent Inc., USA |
| 86 | Preclinical | Vaccine | polypeptide vaccine | Liaoning Chengda Biotechnology, China |
| 87 | Preclinical | Vaccine | peptide-based vaccine | Ligandal Inc., USA |
| 88 | Preclinical | Vaccine | linear DNA vaccine | Linearx Inc., USA; Takis Biotech, Italy |
| 89 | Preclinical | SARS-CoV-2 vaccine | protein subunit vaccine; S-2P protein + CpG 1018 | Medigen Biotechnology Corp., Taiwan; National Institutes of Health, USA |
| 90 | Preclinical | MV-014-210 | live attenuated vaccine (LAV); spike protein-based | Meissa Vaccines Inc., USA |
| 91 | Preclinical | COVID-19 vaccine | replicating viral vector; replication competent VSV chimeric virus technology (VSVδG) delivering the SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S) glycoprotein | Merck & Co. Inc., USA; IAVI, USA |
| 92 | Preclinical | COVID-19 vaccine | VLP-based | Metaclipse Therapeutics, USA |
| 93 | Preclinical | Vaccine | protein subunit vaccine; oral E. coli-based protein expression system of S and N proteins | MIGAL Galilee Research Institute Ltd., Israel |
| 94 | Preclinical | Vaccine | details not known | Mologic Ltd., UK |
| 95 | Preclinical | COVID-19 | virosome-based vaccine | Mymetics Corp., Switzerland; Mymetics BV, Switzerland; Baylor College of Medicine, USA; Texas Children’s Center for Vaccine Development, USA |
| 96 | Preclinical | COVID-19 vaccine | virosome-based vaccine | Texas Children’s Center for Vaccine Development, USA |
| 97 | Preclinical | Vaccine | peptide-based vaccine | Myneo NV, Belgium |
| 98 | Preclinical | Vaccine | nonreplicating viral vector; [E1-, E2b-, E3-] hAd5-COVID-19-spike/nucleocapsid | Nantkwest Inc., USA; Immunitybio Inc., USA |
| 99 | Preclinical | COVID-19 vaccine | based on the rBCG, genetically engineered to express selected SARS-CoV-2 proteins | Nascent Biotech Inc., USA; Manhattan Biosolutions Inc., USA |
| 100 | Preclinical | TerraCoV2 | spike protein-based | Noachis Terra Inc., USA |
| 101 | Preclinical | Vaccine | protein subunit vaccine; synthetic Long peptide vaccine candidate for S and M proteins | Oncogen, Malaysia |
| 102 | Preclinical | CORVax12 | co-administration of TAVO (plasmid IL-12) with a DNA-encodable version of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein | Oncosec Medical Inc., USA |
| 103 | Preclinical | Cell-based vaccine | irradiated permissive cells (infected with a high titer virus or transfected with viral antigens) | Orgenesis Inc., USA |
| 104 | Preclinical | Vaccine | peptide-based vaccine | Ose Immunotherapeutics SA, France |
| 105 | Preclinical | VLP vaccine | protein-based vaccine | Osivax, France |
| 106 | Preclinical | COVID-19 vaccine | whole inactivated virus-based vaccine | Panacea Biotec Ltd., India |
| 107 | Preclinical | Versamune-CoV-2FC | recombinant fusion S protein-based | PDS Biotechnology Corp., USA |
| 108 | Preclinical | SARS coronavirus vaccine | receptor-binding domain of the SARS coronavirus S-protein-based | Phylex Biosciences Inc., USA |
| 109 | Preclinical | Vaccine | NSP10-based vaccine | Predictive Oncology Inc., USA |
| 110 | Preclinical | Vaccine | adenovirus vectored; spike protein-based | Reithera Srl, Italy |
| 111 | Preclinical | VLP vaccine | protein-based vaccine | Saiba AG, Switzerland |
| 112 | Preclinical | mRNA vaccine | RNA vaccine; LNP-mRNA | Sanofi Pasteur, France; Translate Bio Inc., USA |
| 113 | Preclinical | Vaccine | protein subunit vaccine | Sanofi Pasteur, France; U.S. Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, USA |
| 114 | Preclinical | Vaccine | DNA vaccine | Scancell Holdings plc, UK |
| 115 | Preclinical | Vaccine | details not known | SK Bioscience Co. Ltd., South Korea |
| 116 | Preclinical | STI-6991; T-VIVA-19 | recombinant fusion protein of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein S1 domain and human IgG Fc | Sorrento Therapeutics Inc., USA; Smartpharm Therapeutics Inc., USA |
| 117 | Preclinical | OraPro-COVID-19 | nonreplicating viral vector; oral Ad5 S | Stabilitech Biopharma Ltd., UK |
| 118 | Preclinical | Vivagel (SPL-7013) | astodrimer sodium-based | Starpharma Ltd., Australia |
| 119 | Preclinical | Vaccine | VSV-receptor binding domain vaccine | Sumagen, South Korea; International Vaccine Institute, South Korea |
| 120 | Preclinical | VLP vaccine | recombinant protein vaccine | Sysvax Inc., China |
| 121 | Preclinical | COVID-eVax | DNA-based; encodes a part of viral spike protein | Takis Srl, Italy; Rottapharm Biotech Srl, Italy |
| 122 | Preclinical | Vaccine | bivalent COVID-19 vaccine | Tevogen Bio Inc., USA |
| 123 | Preclinical | mRNA vaccine | RNA vaccine | Tongji University, China; Stemirna Therapeutics Co. Ltd., China |
| 124 | Preclinical | COVID-19 vaccine | live replicating virus vaccine | Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp., USA; Kansas State University, USA |
| 125 | Preclinical | TNX-1800 | replicating viral vector; horsepox vector expressing S protein | Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp., USA; University of Alberta, USA; Fujifilm Diosynth Biotechnologies, USA; Southern Research, USA |
| 126 | Preclinical | PolyPEPI-SCoV-2 | consists of 10 different, 30-amino acid long synthetic peptides | Treos Bio Ltd., UK |
| 127 | Preclinical | Vaccine | details not known | Tulane University, USA |
| 128 | Preclinical | Vaccine | VLP vaccine | Ufovax Inc., USA |
| 129 | Preclinical | Vaccine | replicating viral vector; influenza vector expressing RBD | University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong |
| 130 | Preclinical | Measles vector-based vaccine (PittCoVacc) | replicating viral vector; measles vector | University of Pittsburgh, USA; Themis Biosciences Inc., Austria; Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, Norway; Pasteur Institute, France; Merck & Co. Inc., USA |
| 131 | Preclinical | Protein subunit vaccine | molecular clamp stabilized spike protein | University of Queensland, Australia; Glaxosmithkline plc., UK; Seqirus GmbH, UK; Dynavax Technologies Corp., USA |
| 132 | Preclinical | SARS-CoV-2 vaccine | VLPs peptides/whole virus | University of Sao Paulo, Brazil |
| 133 | Preclinical | Vaccine | protein subunit vaccine; adjuvanted microsphere peptide | University of Saskatchewan, Canada |
| 134 | Preclinical | Ixiaro | inactivated + CpG 1018 | Valneva SE, France; Dynavax Technologies Corp., USA |
| 135 | Preclinical | Pepticrad vaccine | nonreplicating viral vector; adenovirus-based + HLA-matched peptides | Valo Therapeutics Ltd., Finland |
| 136 | Preclinical | Vaccine | nanoparticle-based delivery system | Vault Pharma Inc., USA; University of California, Los Angeles, USA; Northern Arizona University, USA |
| 137 | Preclinical | COVID-19 oral vaccine | nonreplicating viral vector; oral recombinant vaccine for mucosal and systemic immune responses | Vaxart Inc., USA; Emergent Biosolutions Inc., USA |
| 138 | Preclinical | Peptide vaccine | protein subunit vaccine | Vaxil Bio Ltd., Canada |
| 139 | Preclinical | Vaccine | enveloped virus-like particle vaccine | VBI Vaccines Inc., USA; National Research Council of Canada, Canada |
| 140 | Preclinical | Vaxipatch vaccine | dermal patch with a metal microneedle array for delivery | Verndari Inc., USA |
| 141 | Preclinical | Vaccine | spike protein-based | Vir Biotechnology Inc., USA; Glaxosmithkline plc., UK |
| 142 | Preclinical | Vaccine | spike protein-based | Viravaxx AG, Austria; Medical University of Vienna, Austria |
| 143 | Preclinical | Vaccine | spike protein-based | Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, USA; U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command, USA |
| 144 | Preclinical | COVID-19 XWG-03 | protein subunit vaccine; COVID-19 XWG-03 truncated S (spike) proteins | Xiamen Innovax Biotech Co. Ltd., China; Glaxosmithline plc., UK; Xiamen University, China |
| 145 | Preclinical | Vaccine | protein subunit vaccine; recombinant protein | Yisheng Biopharma Co. Ltd., China |
| 146 | Preclinical | ZIP-1642 | mRNA vaccine | Ziphius Therapeutics NV, Belgium; Ghent University, Belgium |
For further information visit the following links: https://clinicaltrials.gov & https://www.bioworld.com/COVID19products#vac1.