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. 2020 Jul 27;10(8):1469. doi: 10.3390/nano10081469

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Effects of TiO₂ NPs on plants with respect to different stages, concentration range, and exposure time. (a) represents the effects of TiO₂ NPs on germination % of fennel seeds after short term exposure in a petri dish, the lowercase letters show the level of significance such as ‘a’ represent significant increase in germination percentage at Nano 60 treatment compared to control group. Adapted with permission from [71], published by ELSEVIER, 2013, (b) shows the effects of TiO₂ NPs on plant length after short-term exposure in soil Adapted with permission from [72], published by Society for the Advancement of Agricultural Sciences Pakistan, 2015, (c) shows the effects of these NPs on lettuce plants after long term exposure of 90 days in soil, Adapted with permission from [73], published by American Chemical Society, 2015.