Table 2.
Overview of various types of reactors, the catalyst employed, and their application in wastewater treatment.
| Reactor Type | Reactor Name with Photocatalyst | Target Pollutant Conc. | Findings | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Suspended | Baffled reactor using Degussa P25-TiO2 NPs | Acid orange 52 (50 mg/L) | Complete mineralization after 30 h at a flow rate of 14.4 L/h | [41] |
| Submerged membrane photocatalysis reactor (SMPR) using UV/TiO2 | Rhodamine B | 95% removal was observed at a catalyst loading of 0.1 g/L under 3 ultraviolet (UV) c lamps at pH 8 | [42] | |
| Slurry photoreactor having mesoporous TiO2 NPs | Dichlorophenol-indophenol (DCPIP) dye (1 to 4 × 10−4 mol/L) | 96.4% DCPIP degradation occurred within 3 min at 1 × 10−4 mol/L concentration and pH 3 | [43] | |
| Packed bed photoreactor | Phenazopyridine (10, 20, 30, 40 mg/L) | 90% decrease in TOC was observed after 150 min | [44] | |
| Photocatalytic drum reactor having TiO2 NPs | MB (10 μM) and 4-Chlorophenol (100 μM) | 93% MB degradation after 15 min and 94% 4-CP removal after 90 min | [45] | |
| Rotating drum reactor having Degussa P25-TiO2 | MB | 98% of MB removal was observed at 30 g/L TiO2 after 60 min | [46] | |
| Immobilized | Thin-film fixed bed reactor having TiO2 NPs | Carmoisine dye (10 mg/L) | 97% removal was observed at pH 2 after 45 min at a flow rate of 0.25 L min−1 | [47] |
| Baffled reactor immobilized with TiO2 NPs | Acid orange 52 (AO52) (50 mg L−1) | After 4 h, dye converted into benzene annular compound, intermediates gradually decreased after 10 h and complete mineralization into CO2 and H2O in 30 h | [41] | |
| Rotating disc photoreactor, TiO2 (P25) immobilized on High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) plate | p-nitrophenol (15 mg L−1) | 83% removal was observed at pH 5 after 118 min at 800 mL volume | [48] | |
| Rotating aluminum drum with TiO2-coated corrugated aluminum drum | Tetracycline (0.5, 1, 5, 10, 30, 50, 60, and 80 ppm) | 93% Tetracycline was observed after 20 min | [49] | |
| Spiral photoreactor system sintered with TiO2 thin film | 4-tert-octylphenol (4-t-OP) (2, 5, 8 and 10 mg L−1) | 90% 4-t-OP degradation was observed at 10 mg/L concentration with single layer TiO2 film (13.6% TiO2 precursor) | [50] |