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. 2020 Jul 31;10(8):1505. doi: 10.3390/nano10081505

Table 2.

Results of in vivo studies on CAP-conditioned surfaces implanted in animal models.

Author Year [Reference] Outcome Measure (Measurement) Comparison Factor Results Conclusions
Coelho et al. 2012 [46] Histology
  • -

    BIC

  • -

    BAFO

 AB/AE vs. AB/AE + CAP Week 1:
  • -

    BIC: AB/AE = AB/AE + CAP

  • -

    BAFO AB/AE = AB/AE + CAP

Week 3:
  • -

    BIC > 300%*

  • -

    BAFO > 30%

 Ar CAP treatment in vivo fostered higher levels of contact with the surrounding tissues and it is a promising option to hasten osseointegration
Giro et al. 2013 [49] Histology
  • -

    BIC

  • -

    BAFO

 CaP vs. CaP + CAP Week 1:
  • -

    BIC: CaP = CaP + CAP

  • -

    BAFO: CaP = CaP + CAP

Week 3:
  • -

    BIC: CaP + CAP > 100% *

  • -

    BAFO: CaP + CAP > 82% *

 Ar CAP-conditioned surfaces supported in vivo a more uniform presence of osteogenic tissue and a closer interaction with the implant surface which may lead to faster and greater osseointegration
Danna et al. 2015 [47] Histology
  • -

    BIC

  • -

    BAFO
  • -

    GB/AE vs. GB/AE + CAP

  • -

    CaP vs. CaP + CAP

 Week 3
  • -

    BIC =

  • -

    BAFO =

Week 6
  • -

    BIC: GB/AE + CAP > GB/AE *

  • -

    CaP + CAP = CaP

  • -

    BAFO =

 Air-based CAP may improve osseointegration of Ti surfaces but not CaP surfaces
Canullo et al. 2018 [45] Histology
  • -

    OB

  • -

    NB

  • -

    TMB

  • -

    ST

 ZirTi vs. ZirTi + CAP 1 month
  • -

    OB: ZirTi+CAP > ZirTI NB: ZirTi+CAP > ZirTI

  • -

    TMB: ZirTi+CAP > ZirTI

  • -

    ST: ZirTi+CAP < ZirTI

2 months
  • -

    OB: ZirTi+CAP > ZirTI

  • -

    NB: ZirTi+CAP > ZirTI *

  • -

    TMB: ZirTi+CAP > ZirTI *

  • -

    ST: ZirTi+CAP < ZirTI *

 Activation of the implant surface by Ar CAP may enhance the osseointegration process.
Naujokat et al. 2019 [22] Histology:
  • -

    BIC

  • -

    ITBD

  • -

    PIBD

Fluorescence labeling		 AB/AE vs. AB/AE + CAP Week 8
  • -

    BIC: AB/AE + CAP > AB/AE

  • -

    ITBD: AB/AE + CAP > AB/AE *

  • -

    PIBD: AB/AE + CAP = AB/AE

  • -

    Fluorescence: AB/AE + CAP = AB/AE

 Ar CAP conditioning resulted in a higher BIC ratio and ITBD, indicating a beneficial effect although neither faster or stronger bone adherence or mineralization was detected by fluorescence labeling

Abbreviations: Bone-to-implant contact (BIC); Bone area fraction occupancy (BAFO); Alumina-blasted/acid-etched (AB/AE); Calcium phosphate (CaP); Grit blasted/acid etched (GB/AE); Old bone (OB); New bone (NB); Total mineralized bone (TMB); Soft tissues (ST); Interthread bone density (ITBD); Peri-implant bone density (PIBD); Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP); Argon (Ar); * Statistical significance.