Table 1.
Potential exosomes biomarkers involved in pancreas precancerous diseases
| Biomarkers | Sample | Receipt cell | Exosome function | Clinical significance | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Calreticulin/Gp96/ORP150 | Islet β-cells | DCs | Increase activation of APCs | T1DM | [38] |
| CCN2/miR-21 | PSCs | PSCs | Stimulate the migration, proliferation, and division of PSCs as well as the collagen and fibronectin secretion | CP | [39] |
| FABP4 ↑ | Serum | Not mentioned | Exacerbate insulin resistance and result in hyperglycemia | T2DM | [40] |
| GAD65/IA-2/Pro-insulin | Islet β-cells | DCs/T-cells | Decrease β-cell content and insulin secretion | T1DM | [38] |
| Klotho | MSCs | PACs | Block inflammatory responses and apoptosis | AP | [41] |
| RBP4 | Adipocytes | Macrophages | Stimulate macrophages to secrete IL-6 or TNF-α | IR | [42] |
| TAAs ↑ | Serum | B lymphocytes | Prevent B lymphocytes from recognizing PaCa cells | IS | [43–45] |
| MiR-16 | SKMs | Islet β-cells | Inhibit β-cell proliferation | IR and T2DM | [46] |
| MiR-16-5p/574-5p/21-5p ↓ | Serum | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | T1DM | [47] |
| MiR-30/133b/342 ↑ | Urine | Adipocytes | Not mentioned | T2DM | [48] |
| MiR-106b-5p/222-3p-c | BMCs | Islet β-cells | Induce β-cells proliferation | T1DM | [49] |
| MiR-142-3p/142-5p/155 | T lymphocytes | Islet β-cells | Induce apoptosis in β-cells | T1DM | [50] |
| MiR-146a/b/195/497 | Islet tumor cells | Islet tumor/β-cells | Induce apoptosis in islet tumor cells and β-cells | T2DM | [51] |
| MiR-155/222/486 | ADCs | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | DM | [52–54] |
| MiR-203 | PaCa cells | DCs | inhibit the expression of TLR4, TNF-α, and IL-12 | IS | [55] |
| MiR-212-3p | PaCa cells | DCs | Inhibit DCs from presenting antigens to T lymphocytes | IS | [56] |
| MiR-375 ↑ | Serum | Not mentioned | Reduce insulin secretion and islet formation | T2DM | [57, 58] |
| MiR-1260a/494-3p | *PaCa cells | iPBMCs | Not mentioned | IS | [59] |
| lncRNA ENST/mRNA AEP/legumain | PaCa cells | DCs | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | [60] |
↑, up-regulation; ↓, down-regulation
Abbreviations: ADCs adipose derived macrophages, MSCs mesenchymal stem cells, BMCs bone marrow cells, iPBMCs immunosuppressive peripheral blood mononuclear cells, IR insulin resistance, IS immune suppression, lncRNA ENST lncRNA ENST00000560647, NF-κB nuclear factor-κB, *PaCa cells SMAD4−/− pancreatic cancer cells, PAC pancreatic acinar cells