Table 1.

Clinical trials employing microbial products for cancer therapy. AFMT: autologous fecal microbial transplantation; GvHD: graft-versus-host disease; ICBs: immune checkpoint blockers; irAE: immune-related adverse event; MDRB: multi-drug resistant bacteria; ORR: objective response rate; OS: overall survival; PFS: progression-free Survival; PSA: prostate-specific antigen; RRR: radiographic response rate; TKI: tyrosine kinase inhibitor.

Microbial intervention	Sponsor	NCT	Therapeutic intervention	Cancer type	Phase	Primary Endpoint	Secondary Endpoint
Clinical Trials investigating the capacity of the gut microbiota to boost ICBs efficacy
FMT	Zarour, Hassane	NCT03341143	Pembrolizumab	Melanoma	II	ORR	Immune biomarkers
FMT	Sheba Medical Center	NCT03353402	PD-1 inhibitor	Melanoma	I	Safety, engraftment	ORR, immune biomarkers
FMT	Lawson Health Research Institute	NCT03772899	Pembrolizumab/Nivolumab	Melanoma	I	Safety	ORR, microbiome, metabolome, blood biomarkers
FMT	Julie Graff	NCT04116775	Pembrolizumab	Prostate	II	PSA	RRR, PFS, OS
FMT	Peking University	NCT04130763	PD-1 inhibitor	Gastrointestinal System Cancer	I	ORR, Safety	Immune biomarkers
FMT	Asan Medical Center	NCT04264975	Immunotherapy	Solid carcinoma	Not Applicable	ORR
FMT	ProgenaBiome	NCT04056026	Keytruda	Mesothelioma	I	PFS
Consortia	University Health Network, Toronto	NCT03686202	PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor	Solid tumors	I	Safety, engraftment	ORR, PFS, microbiome, immune biomarkers
Single strain	4D pharma plc	NCT03637803	Pembrolizumab	Solid tumors	I/II	Safety, Tolerability, Clinical befinit	Immune biomarkers
Single strain	University of Chicago	NCT03595683	Pembrolizumab	Melanoma	II	Response rate, adverse events	PFS
Consortia	Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy	NCT03817125	Nivolumab	Melanoma	I	Adverse events	Engraftment, ORR, PFS, OS, immune biomarkers
Consortia	Vedanta Biosciences, Inc.	NCT04208958	Nivolumab	Selected types of advanced or metastatic cancer	I/II	Safety, Tolerability, Clinical befinit	Engraftment, PFS, OS, duration of response
Single strain	Evelo Biosciences, Inc	NCT03775850	Pembrolizumab	Selected types of advanced or metastatic cancer	I/II	Safety, Tolerability, ORR	PFS, OS
Clinical Trials investigating the capacity of the gut microbiota to modulate the tumor microenvironment before tumor resection
FMT	Mayo Clinic	NCT04139993	X	Operable Stage I–III Breast Cancer	I	Safety	Engraftment, immune biomarkers
Single strain	Imperial College London	NCT03934827	X	Operable solid tumors	I	Safety, tolerability	OS, immune biomarkers
Single strain	4D pharma plc	NCT04193904	Radiation	Pancreatic	I	Safety	Immune biomarkers, OS, PFS
Clinical Trials investigating the capacity of the gut microbiota to mitigate anticancer treatments-related colitis
FMT	M.D. Anderson Cancer Center	NCT04038619	ICBs	Genitourinary Cancer Patients	I	Safety, tolerability, efficacy	Recurrence rate
FMT	Catholic University of the Sacred Heart	NCT04040712	TKI	Renal Cell carcinoma	Not Applicable	Rate of patients with diarrhea	Rate of patients who need to stop/reduce TKI
FMT	Lawson Health Research Institute	NCT04163289	ICBs	Renal Cell carcinoma	I	Occurence of immune-related colitis	irAE, ORR
FMT	M.D. Anderson Cancer Center	NCT03819296	ICBs	Melanoma	I	Incidence of adverse events, Toxicity
Clinical Trials investigating the capacity of the gut microbiota to circumvent corticosteroid-resistant acute GvHD in hematologic malignancies
FMT	Shanghai General Hospital,	NCT03812705	X	Hematopoietic and Lymphoid Cell Neoplasm	II	Response Rate	Time to response, duration of response
	Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
FMT	Maat Pharma	NCT02928523	X	Acute Myeloid Leukemia	I/II	AFMT efficacy, eradication of MDRB
FMT	Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota	NCT03678493	X	Acute Myeloid Leukemia	II	Incidence of infections	Engraftment, incidence of GvHD
FMT	MaaT Pharma	NCT03359980	X	Steroid Refractory, Gastrointestinal, Acute GvHD	II	Efficacy	Safety, MDRB, incidence of GvHD
FMT	Massachusetts General Hospital	NCT02733744	X	Bone Marrow Transplantation	I	Feasability	OS, PFS, incidence of GvHD