Table 1.
COVID-19 manifestation in patients with diabetes mellitus and their correlation with glycemic control
| Characteristics | Total no./mean value (N = 80) | Group 1: Hb1Ac > 8 g/dL (N = 22) | Group 2: Hb1Ac < 8 g/dL (N = 58) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 61.45 year (95% CI: 61.45 ± 5.08, SD = 11.59) | 63.2 year (95% CI: 63.2 ± 4.35, SD = 4.96) | 60.86 year (95% CI: 60.86 ± 6.67, SD = 13.18) | 0.489 |
| Gender | ||||
| Male | 46 (57.5%) | 12 (54.54%) | 34 (58.62%) | x2 = 1.069, p = 0.301. |
| Female | 34 (42.5%) | 10 (45.45%) | 24 (41.38%) | |
| Clinical features | ||||
| Symptomatic patients | 24 (30.00%) | 11 (50.00%) | 13 (22.41%) | z = 2.404, p = 0.0164 |
| Fever | 12 (15.00%) | 3 (13.64%) | 9 (15.52%) | z = 0.210, p = 0.833 |
| Cough | 13 (16.25%) | 7 (31.82%) | 6 (10.34%) | z = 2.324, p = .0203 |
| Shortness of breath | 9 (11.25%) | 5 (22.73%) | 4 (6.90%) | z = 2.000, p = 0.0455 |
| Sore throat | 7 (8.75%) | 2 (9.09%) | 5 (8.62%) | z = 0.0665, p = 0.9442 |
| Headache | 4 (5.00%) | 1 (4.55%) | 3 (5.17%) | z = 0.1149, p = 0.9124 |
| Chest pain | 3 (3.75%) | 1 (4.55%) | 2 (3.45%) | z = 0.2306, p = 0.8181 |
| Other | 4 (5.00%) | 2 (9.09%) | 2 (3.45%) | z = 1.034, p = 0.3030 |
| Laboratory investigation | ||||
| Total leukocyte count (× 109 /L) | 7.48 × 109/L ± 4.23 | 9.64 × 109/L ± 7.11 | 7.01 × 109/L ± 4.01 | p = 0.0403 |
| Platelet (Lac/μL) | 2.12 Lac/μl ± 0.64 | 2.34 Lac/μl ± 0.9 | 2.08 Lac/μl ±0.48 | p = 0.0989 |
| Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio | 3.15 ± 1.98 | 3.98 ± 2.26 | 3.00 ± 1.84 | p = 0.0495 |
| C-reactive protein (mg/L) | 6.32 mg/L ± 3.89 | 7.25 mg/L ± 5.26 | 6.11 mg/L ± 3.48 | p = 0.2629 |
| Ferritin (ng/mL) | 373.58 ng/mL ± 491.93 | 464.56 ng/mL ± 489.56 | 361.23 ng/mL ± 396.54 | p = 0.333 |
| FDP (μg/L) | 30.28 μg/L ± 35.12 | 43.22 μg/L ± 43.93 | 24.69 μg/L ± 32.64 | p = 0.0433 |
| D-dimer (μg/L) | 4.56 μg/L ± 5.98 | 6.78 μg/L ± 6.1 | 4.05 μg/L ± 5.12 | p = 0.047 |
| IL-6 (pg/mL) | 58.60 pg/mL ± 53.82 | 78.52 pg/mL ± 70.64 | 50.32 pg/mL ± 48.52 | p = 0.0256 |
| Radiological imaging | ||||
| Chest radiograph | 80 | 22 | 58 | |
| Average visual score | 0.78 ± 0.90 | 1.12 ± 1.04 | 0.68 ± 0.78 | p = 0.0439 |
| Classic for COVID images | 20 (25.00%) | 6 (27.27%) | 14 (24.14%) | z = 0.2891, p = 0.7718 |
| USG chest | 16 (20.00%) | 5 (22.72%) | 11 (18.96%) | z = 0.3756, p = 0.7039 |
| Average severity score | 16.14 ± 11.32 | 17.21 ± 13.25 | 15.84 ± 10.84 | p = 0.8274 |
| HRCT chest | 30 (37.50%) | 8 (36.36%) | 22 (37.93%) | z = 0.1293, p = 0.8965 |
| CT severity score | 7.4 ± 6.75 | 11.96 ± 8.62 | 6.1 ± 6.21 | p = 0.0489 |
| CT severity score > 10/25 | 12 (40.00%) | 6 (75.00%) | 6 (27.27%) | z = 2.359, p = 0.0182 |
| Diabetic complication | ||||
| Diabetic ketoacidosis | 6 (7.50%) | 4 (18.18%) | 2 (3.45%) | z = 2.234, p = 0.0257 |
| Septic shock | 9 (11.25%) | 5 (22.73%) | 4 (6.90%) | z = 2.000, p = 0.0455 |
| Treatment | ||||
| Insulin therapy | 38 (47.50%) | 15 (68.18%) | 23 (39.66%) | z = 2.281, p = 0.0226 |
| Lopinavir-ritonavir | 11 (13.75%) | 5 (22.73%) | 6 (10.34%) | z = 1.436, p = 0.1498 |
| ICU care | 5 (6.25%) | 3 (13.64%) | 2 (3.45%) | z = 1.680, p = 0.0929 |
| Non-invasive ventilation | 4 (5.00%) | 3 (13.64%) | 1 (1.72%) | z = 2.182, p = 0.0292 |
| Outcome | ||||
| Recovered patients | 40 (50.00%) | 8 (36.36%) | 32 (55.17%) | z = 1.502, p = 0.1336 |
| Death | 14 (17.50%) | 7 (31.82%) | 7 (12.07%) | z = 2.075, p = 0.0375 |
| Duration of seroconversion | 7.38 days (95% CI: 7.38 ± 2.01, SD = 6.42) | 8.12 days (95% CI: 8.12 ± 2.84, SD = 7.98) | 7.08 days (95% CI: 7.08 ± 1.85, SD = 6.18) | p = 0.5614 |
| Duration of hospital stay | 14.61 days (95% CI: 14.61 ± 1.89, SD = 5.80) | 16.94 days (95% CI: 16.94 ± 2.80, SD = 6.45) | 13.91 days (95% CI: 13.91 ± 1.69, SD = 5.34) | p = 0.0479 |