Figure 4.

The Jean-Talon strain has some unique genomic and phenotypic traits compared to other related beer strains. (A) Copy number profiles for regions of at least 10 kb, in which > 90% of 250 bp windows have a given copy number. Jean-Talon has five copies of a 350 kb long fragment on chromosome XV which is present in only four copies in other related beer strains. This copy gain includes the COT1 gene (black line), whose increased expression confers higher resistance to cobalt in yeast (Conklin et al. 1992). (B) Growth rates of S. cerevisiae laboratory, natural and beer strains. Jean-Talon shows the highest tolerance to all concentrations of cobalt. The laboratory strains are BY haploid (BY4741) and diploid (BY4743) strains (BY-1n and BY-2n on the figure) and as a control the haploid BY deleted for the COT1 gene (cot1). The two natural strains, LL13_40 and LL13_54 are diploid wild strains isolated from oak tree bark in North America (Leducq et al. 2016). Windsor is a tetraploid beer stain closely related to Jean-Talon (two isolates of this strain are on panel A named as A.Windson and CFI). London is likely a tetraploid beer strain from the Ale1 genetic group. (C) Growth curves of S. cerevisiae laboratory, natural and beer strains in 6 mM cobalt measured over 24 h. Code and data to generate the figures is in File S1. The underlying raw data containing CNVs is in Files S6-S7.