Table 2.
Prevalence of gastrointestinal pathogens.
| Pathogens | Pre-travel |
Post-Travel |
Acquisition |
p* | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 2821 | % | N = 2832 | % | N = 2743 | % | ||
| Viruses | |||||||
| Adenovirus | 0 | 0 | 3 | 1.1 | 3 | 1.1 | 0.08 |
| Astrovirus | 0 | 0 | 3 | 1.1 | 3 | 1.1 | 0.08 |
| Norovirus | 0 | 0 | 3 | 1.1 | 3 | 1.1 | 0.08 |
| Rotavirus | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | NA |
| At least one virus | 0 | 0 | 9 | 3.2 | 9 | 3.3 | 0.003 |
| Bacteria | |||||||
| Campylobacter jejuni | 2 | 0.7 | 5 | 1.8 | 5 | 1.8 | 0.26 |
| Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli | 10 | 3.6 | 119 | 42.1 | 112 | 40.9 | <0.000 |
| Enterohemorrhagic E. coli | 3 | 1.1 | 4 | 1.4 | 2 | 0.7 | 0.65 |
| Enteropathogenic E. coli | 25 | 8.9 | 66 | 23.3 | 51 | 18.6 | <0.000 |
| Salmonella spp. | 0 | 0 | 4 | 1.4 | 4 | 1.5 | 0.05 |
| Shigella spp./EIEC | 0 | 0 | 7 | 2.5 | 7 | 2.6 | 0.008 |
| Tropheryma whipplei | 1 | 0.4 | 1 | 0.4 | 0 | 0 | NA |
| At least one bacteria | 38 | 13.5 | 147 | 51.9 | 135 | 49.3 | <0.000 |
| Parasites | |||||||
| Cryptosporidium parvum/hominis | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | NA |
| Entamoeba histolytica | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | NA |
| Giardia lamblia | 1 | 0.4 | 3 | 1.1 | 3 | 1.1 | 0.32 |
| At least one gastrointestinal pathogen | 39 | 13.8 | 153 | 54.1 | 143 | 52.2 | <0.000 |
1, 2282 and 283 students provided pre- and post-travel rectal swabs, respectively.
3Acquisition of gastrointestinal pathogens was calculated in 274 students who provided both pre- and post-travel rectal samples.
*
p-Value: pre-versus post-travel, McNemar’s test.