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Bacterial load of Manduca sexta injected with Escherischia coli on days 0, 2, and 4 of the fifth instar. Hemolymph was collected 12 h after injection, and bacterial growth was assessed. Bars with the same letter are not significantly different from one another (F2,53 = 4.107, P < 0.05, ANOVA). Error bars indicate SEM. CFU = colony-forming unit.
