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Development times of Manduca sexta larvae injected with either phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or Escherischia coli on each day of the fifth instar (days 0–4). Larvae were observed for signs of prepupal formation twice daily. Asterisks indicate values that are significantly higher than those for the PBS control for the given age (F1,85 = 74.420, P < 0.05, ANOVA). Error bars indicate SEM.
