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. 2020 Sep 2;29(11):1596–1602. doi: 10.1016/j.hlc.2020.08.010

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© 2020 Australian and New Zealand Society of Cardiac and Thoracic Surgeons (ANZSCTS) and the Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand (CSANZ). Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

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A schematic representation of mechanisms proposed for COVID-19 pathophysiology regarding the renin-angiotensin system.

Abbreviations: ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ACE2, angiotensin-converting enzyme type 2; Ang-(1-7), angiotensin-(1-7); Ang II, angiotensin II; ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; IL-6, Interleukin-6; RAS, renin-angiotensin system; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; S protein, spike protein; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α.