Box 2.

Miscellaneous vaccines under investigation for COVID-19 [92, 93]

Live attenuated vaccines (AJVaccines, Altimmune, Arcturus Therapeutics and Duke-NUS Medical School, Baylor College of Medicine, BIOCAD, Biological Research Institute, Codagenix) Molecular clamp vaccine (CSL and The University of Queensland) Synthetic mRNA that stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies (CureVac) Two Ii-Key peptide vaccine candidates (EpiVax) Ii-Key peptide vaccine (ExpreS2ion Biotechnologies, Generex Biotechnology) Ankara virus-like particles (MVA-VLP) (Geovax and Bravovax) COVID-19 S-Trimer (GlaxoSmithKline) Adenovirus-based vector vaccine (Greffex) gp96-based vaccine (Heat Biologics) INO-4800; currently in preclinical stage (Inovio Pharmaceuticals) Plant-based vaccine (Institute Pasteur, Themis Bioscience, University of Pittsburgh, Johnson & Johnson, Medicago) Modified avian coronavirus vaccine (MIGAL Galilee Research Institute) BNT162 (Merck, Novavax, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Pfizer and BioNTech) A chimera that combines DNA from the SARS-CoV-2 with a harmless virus that can stimulate the immune system (Sanofi) Formalin-inactivated and alum-adjuvanted candidate vaccine (Sinovac) Gene-encoded antibody vaccine (Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc. and SmartPharm Therapeutics Inc.) DNA-based vaccine (Takis Biotech) Vaccine candidate based on Tonix’s horsepox vaccine, TNX-1800 (Tonix Pharmaceuticals and Southern Research) CoronaVac (Sinovac; Phase-III), Adjuvant recombinant vaccine candidate (Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical, Institute of Microbiology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences; Phase-II), ZyCoV-D (Zydus Cadila; Phase-II), Covaxin (Bharat Biotech, National Institute of Virology; Phase-II), BBIBP-CorV (Beijing Institute of Biological Products, China National Pharmaceutical Group (Sinopharm); Phase-I/II), GX-19 (Genexine; Phase-I/II), Sputnik V (Gamaleya Research Institute, Acellena Contract Drug Research and Development; Phase-I/II), Self-amplifying RNA vaccine (Imperial College London; Phase-I/II), LUNAR-COV19 (Arcturus Therapeutics and Duke-NUS Medical School; Phase-I/II), mRNA-based vaccine (CureVac; Phase-I/II), SCB-2019 (GlaxoSmithKline, Sanofi, Clover Biopharmaceuticals, Dynavax and Xiamen Innovax; Phase-I), COVAX-19 (Vaxine Pty Ltd.; Phase-I), NVX-CoV2373 (Novavax; Phase-I), V590 (Merck, IAVI; Phase-I), GRAd-COV2 (ReiThera, Leukocare, Univercells, Phase-I)

Under parenthesis companies and research institutes are mentioned