Table 4. Effect (mean difference) of media use at grade 5 on NAPLAN scores at grade 5 amongst n = 1239 primary school children, controlling for baseline academic performance and baseline media use (multiple imputation analysis).
| Model set 1a | Model set 2b | Model set 3c | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β | 95% CI | p | β | 95% CI | p | β | 95% CI | p | |
| Reading | |||||||||
| TV | |||||||||
| ≥ 0 and ≤ 1 hour | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| > 1 and ≤ 2 hours | -7.1 | -17.8 to 3.5 | 0.19 | -7.8 | -18.5 to 2.9 | 0.15 | -7.8 | -18.5 to 2.9 | 0.15 |
| > 2 hours | -6.7 | -17.6 to 4.3 | 0.23 | -7.5 | -18.4 to 3.4 | 0.18 | -7.7 | -18.7 to 3.2 | 0.17 |
| Video Games | |||||||||
| 0 hours | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| > 0 and ≤ 1 hour | -0.9 | -9.7 to 7.9 | 0.84 | -1.1 | -9.7 to 7.5 | 0.80 | -1.1 | -9.7 to 7.5 | 0.80 |
| > 1 hour | -4.7 | -15.5 to 6.1 | 0.39 | -4.6 | -15.3 to 6.1 | 0.40 | -4.6 | -15.3 to 6.0 | 0.39 |
| Computer | |||||||||
| 0 hours | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| > 0 and ≤ 1 hour | 0.3 | -11.6 to 12.3 | 0.96 | -0.3 | -12.2 to 11.7 | 0.97 | -0.3 | -12.2 to 11.7 | 0.96 |
| > 1 hour | -5.4 | -17.5 to 6.8 | 0.38 | -5.7 | -17.7 to 6.3 | 0.35 | -5.8 | -17.8 to 6.2 | 0.34 |
| Numeracy | |||||||||
| TV | |||||||||
| ≥ 0 and ≤ 1 hour | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| > 1 and ≤ 2 hours | -4.6 | -13.3 to 4.1 | 0.30 | -5.2 | -13.7 to 3.3 | 0.23 | -5.2 | -13.7 to 3.2 | 0.22 |
| > 2 hours | -12.3 | -22.7 to -1.9 | 0.02 | -13.1 | -23.3 to -2.8 | 0.01 | -13.1 | -23.3 to -2.9 | 0.01 |
| Video Games | |||||||||
| 0 hours | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| > 0 and ≤ 1 hour | -1.6 | -9.2 to 6.0 | 0.68 | -1.8 | -9.4 to 5.8 | 0.64 | -1.8 | -9.4 to 5.8 | 0.64 |
| > 1 hour | 0.1 | -9.7 to 9.9 | 0.98 | 0.3 | -9.5 to 10.1 | 0.96 | 0.3 | -9.5 to 10.1 | 0.95 |
| Computer | |||||||||
| 0 hours | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| > 0 and ≤ 1 hour | -2.3 | -11.7 to 7.1 | 0.63 | -3.1 | -12.4 to 6.3 | 0.51 | -3.1 | -12.5 to 6.3 | 0.52 |
| > 1 hour | -11.3 | -22.0 to -0.6 | 0.04 | -11.7 | -22.4 to -1.0 | 0.03 | -11.7 | -22.4 to -1.0 | 0.03 |
BMI, Body Mass Index; CI, confidence interval; NAPLAN, National Assessment Programme–Literacy and Numeracy; SDQ, Strengths and Difficulties.
a Adjusted for corresponding media use (grade 3), child sex, child age (in years) (grade 3), Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas (SEIFA) advantage/disadvantage quintile (grade 3) and corresponding NAPLAN score (reading or numeracy) (grade 3).
b Adjusted for corresponding media use (grade 3), child sex, child age (in years) (grade 3), Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas (SEIFA) advantage/disadvantage quintile (grade 3), SDQ total score (grade 3) and corresponding NAPLAN score (reading or numeracy) (grade 3).
c Adjusted for corresponding media use (grade 3), child sex, child age (in years) (grade 3), Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas (SEIFA) advantage/disadvantage quintile (grade 3), SDQ total score (grade 3), BMI z-score (grade 3) and corresponding NAPLAN score (reading or numeracy) (grade 3).