Table 1. Hydrophilic metabolites in the cecal feces significantly different between captive and semi-wild Japanese rock ptarmigans.

Metaborite		SWA	CA	CC
Higher in semi-wild individuals than captive individuals
	Adenine	3.17 × 101 ± 1.20 × 101 a)	2.36 × 100 ± 6.038 × 10−1 b)	1.77 × 100 ± 1.05 × 100 b)
	Allantoin	5.54 × 100 ± 3.14 × 10−1 a)	4.59 × 100 ± 2.310 × 10−1 b)	4.71 × 100 ± 3.19 × 10−1 b)
	Cytidine	8.76 × 101 ± 1.45 × 101 a)	4.92 × 101 ± 1.124 × 101 b)	6.04 × 101 ± 1.52 × 101 a, b)
	Methionine sulfone	4.86 × 10−1 ± 1.51 × 10−2 a)	4.42 × 10−1 ± 1.344 × 10−2 b)	4.54 × 10−1 ± 3.71 × 10−2 a, b)
	Uridine	8.51 × 101 ± 2.61 × 101 a)	3.04 × 101 ± 7.631 × 100 b)	3.37 × 101 ± 1.18 × 101 b)
Higher in captive adult than semi wild individuals
	Adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate	1.95 × 100 ± 7.69 × 10−1 a)	7.86 × 100 ± 1.63 × 100 b)	4.71 × 100 ± 2.35 × 100 b)
	Asymmetric dimethylarginine	3.60 × 100 ± 8.59 × 10−1 a)	1.52 × 101 ± 3.70 × 100 b)	2.15 × 101 ± 3.75 × 100 b)
	Citrulline	4.00 × 10−1 ± 2.35 × 10−1 a)	4.19 × 100 ± 2.49 × 100 a)	2.78 × 100 ± 4.30 × 10−1 a, b)
	Dopamine	2.89 × 10−1 ± 2.12 × 10−1 a)	2.18 × 100 ± 7.63 × 10−1 b)	1.68 × 100 ± 2.43 × 10−1 b)
	FMN	2.30 × 10−1 ± 1.51 × 10−2 a)	6.22 × 10−1 ± 1.69 × 10−1 a)	4.24 × 10−1 ± 1.29 × 10−1 a, b)
	Glutamine	2.96 × 100 ± 9.44 × 10−1 a)	1.33 × 101 ± 5.72 × 100 b)	1.52 × 101 ± 3.06 × 10−1 b)
	Guanosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate	6.23 × 10−1 ± 5.27 × 10−1 a)	5.77 × 100 ± 1.77 × 100 b)	6.37 × 100 ± 2.19 × 100 b)
	Histidine	8.38 × 100 ± 1.29 × 100 a)	1.33 × 101 ± 1.43 × 101 a)	3.53 × 101 ± 1.44 × 101 a, b)
	Isoleucine	9.52 × 101 ± 6.31 × 101 a)	6.44 × 102 ± 1.93 × 102 b)	8.09 × 102 ± 1.33 × 102 b)
	Kynurenine	0.00 × 100 ± 0.00 × 100 a)	6.43 × 10−1 ± 1.94 × 10−1 b)	5.87 × 10−1 ± 8.20 × 10−2 b)
	Leucine	1.09 × 102 ± 6.96 × 101 a)	7.97 × 102 ± 1.93 × 102 b)	9.45 × 102 ± 8.28 × 101 b)
	Lysine	1.91 × 101 ± 9.53 × 100 a)	7.97 × 102 ± 7.35 × 101 a)	1.33 × 102 ± 2.64 × 101 a, b)
	Methionine	2.07 × 101 ± 7.23 × 100 a)	2.31 × 102 ± 9.52 × 101 b)	2.35 × 102 ± 7.33 × 101 b)
	Nicotinic acid	3.97 × 101 ± 3.38 × 101 a)	1.21 × 102 ± 4.29 × 101 b)	9.36 × 101±7.17 × 100 a, b)
	Phenylalanine	2.22 × 102 ± 6.22 × 101 a)	9.83 × 102 ± 2.34 × 102 b)	1.16 × 103 ± 3.76 × 101 b)
	Tryptophan	1.42 × 101 ± 4.23 × 100 a)	1.21 × 102 ± 5.00 × 101 b)	1.49 × 102 ± 4.19 × 100 b)
	Tyrosine	1.42 × 101 ± 1.65 × 101 a)	2.77 × 102 ± 1.39 × 102 b)	4.01 × 102 ± 6.18 × 101 b)
	Valine	1.04 × 102 ± 3.94 × 101 a)	5.92 × 102 ± 2.90 × 102 b)	7.27 × 102 ± 6.22 × 101 b)
	Xanthine	1.18 × 101 ± 1.07 × 101 a)	4.23 × 101 ± 1.49 × 101 b)	2.35 × 101 ± 2.87 × 100a, b)
Higher in captive chicks than semi wild and captive adult individuals
	Arginine	1.29 × 102 ± 3.57 × 101 a, b)	2.19 × 102 ± 3.80 × 101 a)	3.49 × 102 ± 1.28 × 102 b)
	Argininosuccinic acid	6.23 × 10−1 ± 1.81 × 10−1 a)	7.49 × 10−1 ± 2.69 × 10−1 a)	2.43 × 100 ± 6.79 × 10−1 b)
	Cholic acid	2.00 × 10−2 ± 2.35 × 10−2 a)	7.17 × 10−1 ± 6.00 × 10−1 a)	5.31 × 100 ± 3.65 × 100 b)
	Fumaric acid	7.26 × 10−2 ± 8.39 × 10−2 a)	5.45 × 10−2 ± 8.70 × 10−2 a)	2.92 × 10−1 ± 5.72 × 10−2 b)
	Inosine	3.17 × 101 ± 8.82 × 100 a)	2.00 × 101 ± 8.91 × 100 a)	6.49 × 101 ± 1.40 × 101 b)
	Ophthalmic acid	0.00 × 100 ± 0.00 × 100 a)	8.29 × 10−2 ± 1.22 × 10−1 a)	4.67 × 10−1 ± 9.74 × 10−2 b)
	Succinic acid	7.90 × 100 ± 1.82 × 100 a)	6.30 × 100 ± 2.66 × 100 a)	4.11 × 101 ± 2.05 × 101 b)
	Symmetric dimethylarginine	1.62 × 100 ± 3.47 × 10−1 a)	6.30 × 100 ± 1.65 × 100 a)	2.30 × 101 ± 4.59 × 100 b)
Other pattern
	Adenylsuccinic acid	1.58 × 100 ± 5.37 × 10−1 a)	0.00 × 100 ± 0.00 × 100 b)	2.88 × 100 ± 1.18 × 10−1c)
	Adenosine monophosphate	7.43 × 100 ± 5.95 × 100 a, b)	1.42 × 100 ± 3.98 × 10−1 a)	1.83 × 101 ± 4.98 × 100 b)
No significant difference
	4-Hydroxyproline	3.79 × 10−1 ± 2.57 × 10−1 a)	7.93 × 10−1 ± 3.35 × 10−1 a)	5.58 × 10−1 ± 1.22 × 10−1 a)
	Acetylcarnitine	9.71 × 100 ± 1.38 × 101 a)	3.48 × 100 ± 1.54 × 100 a)	2.41 × 100 ± 3.38 × 10−1 a)
	Adenosine	3.20 × 102 ± 2.40 × 102 a)	1.88 × 101 ± 6.07 × 100 a)	1.93 × 101 ± 1.91 × 101 a)
	Alanine	9.95 × 10−1 ± 3.92 × 10−1 a)	4.82 × 100 ± 3.84 × 100 a)	4.82 × 100 ± 1.37 × 100 a)
	Aspartic acid	2.78 × 100 ± 9.72 × 10−1 a)	2.76 × 100 ± 9.16 × 10−1 a)	3.46 × 100 ± 7.78 × 10−1 a)
	Carnitine	2.95 × 101 ± 2.19 × 101 a)	2.43 × 101 ± 9.46 × 100 a)	2.91 × 101 ± 8.49 × 100 a)
	Choline	2.50 × 101 ± 2.79 × 100 a)	1.50 × 101 ± 6.45 × 100 a)	2.78 × 101 ± 9.18 × 100 a)
	Citric acid	1.29 × 102 ± 2.52 × 102 a)	2.90 × 100 ± 3.33 × 10−1 a)	2.44 × 100 ± 1.22 × 100 a)
	Creatine	2.79 × 100 ± 3.18 × 100 a)	6.00 × 100 ± 5.23 × 100 a)	2.12 × 100 ± 9.49 × 10−1 a)
	Creatinine	1.56 × 100 ± 1.47 × 100 a)	5.87 × 100 ± 4.65 × 100 a)	3.11 × 100 ± 4.56 × 10−2 a)
	Dopa	2.50 × 101 ± 2.10 × 101 a)	4.93 × 10−1 ± 9.31 × 10−2 a)	7.75 × 10−1 ± 2.91 × 10−2 a)
	Epinephrine	1.41 × 100 ± 1.23 × 100 a)	3.74 × 100 ± 1.91 × 100 a)	5.01 × 100 ± 1.12 × 100 a)
	Glutamic acid	3.81 × 101 ± 1.36 × 101 a)	5.33 × 101 ± 1.57 × 101 a)	5.14 × 101 ± 2.62 × 100 a)
	Glycine	3.19 × 10−1 ± 7.68 × 10−2 a)	6.56 × 101 ± 3.41 × 10−1 a)	7.02 × 10−1 ± 1.28 × 10−2 a)
	Guanine	6.28 × 10−1 ± 6.25 × 10−1 a)	7.46 × 10−1 ± 1.25 × 10−1 a)	3.33 × 10−1 ± 1.84 × 10−1 a)
	Guanosine	5.62 × 101 ± 4.01 × 101 a)	3.60 × 101 ± 8.61 × 100 a)	3.70 × 101 ± 2.19 × 101 a)
	Guanosine monophosphate	1.14 × 100 ± 6.16 × 10−1 a)	5.14 × 10−1 ± 4.37 × 10−1 a)	1.38 × 100 ± 5.44 × 10−1 a)
	Hypoxanthine	2.75 × 101 ± 1.90 × 101 a)	1.92 × 101 ± 7.03 × 100 a)	3.53 × 101 ± 4.36 × 100 a)
	Lactic acid	0.00 × 100 ± 0.00 × 100 a)	0.00 × 100 ± 0.00 × 100 a)	1.46 × 101 ± 2.07 × 101 a)
	Orotic acid	6.28 × 10−1 ± 4.88 × 10−1 a)	2.82 × 100 ± 3.00 × 100 a)	2.55 × 100 ± 1.05 × 100 a)
	Pantothenic acid	2.39 × 101 ± 1.46 × 101 a)	1.56 × 101 ± 1.16 × 101 a)	3.01 × 101 ± 9.16 × 100 a)
	Proline	1.37 × 101 ± 5.81 × 100 a)	3.18 × 101 ± 2.70 × 101 a)	2.00 × 101 ± 3.44 × 10−1 a)
	Derine	6.28 × 10−1 ± 1.48 × 10−1 a)	1.44 × 100 ± 1.13 × 100 a)	1.39 × 100 ± 3.03 × 10−1 a)
	Taurocholic acid	0.00 × 100 ± 0.00 × 100 a)	4.75 × 10−1 ± 3.77 × 10−1 a)	0.00 × 100 ± 0.00 × 100 a)
	Threonine	9.85 × 10−1 ± 2.75 × 10−1 a)	2.95 × 100 ± 1.94 × 100 a)	3.46 × 100 ± 4.24 × 10−1 a)
	Thymidine	3.27 × 100 ± 2.97 × 100 a)	7.64 × 100 ± 2.53 × 100 a)	2.17 × 100 ± 2.41 × 10−1 a)
	Thymine	4.58 × 10−1 ± 5.57 × 10−1 a)	4.73 × 100 ± 4.35 × 100 a)	1.51 × 100 ± 1.35 × 10−1 a)
	Tracil	6.71 × 100 ± 5.62 × 100 a)	9.54 × 100 ± 5.94 × 100 a)	5.76 × 100 ± 1.08 × 100 a)
	Uric acid	3.76 × 101 ± 1.03 × 101 a)	7.39 × 101 ± 4.47 × 101 a)	1.16 × 101 ± 2.38 × 100 a)

Values (means with standard deviations) are relative signal intensities. SWA, semi-wild adult individuals; CA, captive adult individuals; CC, captive chicks. For details, see text. a, b, c) Means with different superscripts differ significantly at P<0.05. See details in the text.