Table 1.
Demographic and health-related characteristics by frailty status.
| Data show number (%); mean ± SD; median (interquartile range) | Entire cohort | Robust | Prefrail | Frail | p value | p for trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number (%) | 20,606 (100.0) | 10,384 (50.4) | 9,142 (44.4) | 1,080 (5.2) | ||
| Age (years) | 72.9 ± 6.6 | 71.5 ± 5.6 | 73.8 ± 7.0 | 78.0 ± 7.8 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Age ≥ 75 years | 7,231 (35.1) | 2,770 (26.7) | 3,746 (41.0) | 715 (66.2) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Male | 9,496 (46.1) | 4,990 (48.1) | 4,020 (44.0) | 486 (45.0) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index ≥ 2 | 887 (4.3) | 374 (3.6) | 413 (4.5) | 100 (9.3) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Smoker | 1,262 (6.1) | 619 (3.0) | 575 (2.8) | 68 (0.3) | 0.615 | 0.357 |
| Urbanization index ≥ 4 | 3,306 (16.0) | 1,151 (11.1) | 1822 (19.9) | 333 (30.8) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| PM2.5 (μg/m3) | 17.7 (16.3, 18.8) | 17.7 (16.3, 18.8) | 17.7 (16.3, 18.0) | 16.8 (14.7, 18.0) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Household income < 19,677 USDa | 10,251 (49.8) | 4,607 (44.4) | 5,026 (55.0) | 618 (57.2) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
SD standard deviation, USD United States Dollars.
aConverted from New Taiwan Dollars (NTD) at a rate of 1 USD = 31 NTD.
Bold type denotes statistical significance.