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. 2020 Sep 2;10:14490. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-71211-7

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Butterfly adult size (cm wing length; red line on inset monarch photo), after being reared on milkweed leaves treated with the solvent control (acetone) and those experimentally treated to simulate the A) mean and B) maximum concentrations of field values for six pesticides and their combination (mix). An effect size at zero—i.e., the black horizontal line—represents no quantitative difference between the treatment and control, whereas positive or negative values indicate relative increases or decreases, respectively. Box plots show median values with 95% confidence intervals. Black circles are the treatment mean and colored circles are individual data points. Photo credit: Paola Olaya-Arenas.