Table 2.

Results from ANOVA testing the main and interactive effects of trial and pesticide treatment on monarch development at mean (A) and maximum (B) concentrations.

Response variables	Predictor variables	df	F	P	ges
(A) Mean concentrations
Herbivory	Trial	1.58	262.17	0.00	0.82
	Pesticide	8.58	1.60	0.15	0.18
	Trial × pesticide	8.58	1.38	0.23	0.16
Immature development	Trial	1.54	1692.76	0.00	0.97
	Pesticide	8.54	1.15	0.35	0.15
	Trial × pesticide	8.54	1.68	0.12	0.20
Pupal weight	Trial	1.54	113.17	0.00	0.68
	Pesticide	8.54	1.59	0.15	0.19
	Trial × pesticide	8.54	1.46	0.19	0.18
Adult longevity	Trial	1.49	0.00	0.96	0.00
	Pesticide	8.49	2.02	0.06	0.25
	Trial × pesticide	7.49	1.93	0.09	0.22
Wing length	Trial	1.49	18.67	0.00	0.28
	Pesticide	8.49	2.78	0.01	0.31
	Trial × pesticide	7.49	0.37	0.92	0.05
(B) Max. concentrations
Herbivory	Trial	1.53	595.81	0.00	0.92
	Pesticide	8.53	2.02	0.06	0.23
	Trial × pesticide	8.53	1.02	0.43	0.13
Immature development	Trial	1.49	1658.36	0.00	0.97
	Pesticide	8. 49	0.69	0.70	0.10
	Trial × pesticide	8. 49	0.78	0.62	0.11
Pupal weight	Trial	1.49	149.60	0.00	0.75
	Pesticide	8. 49	0.61	0.76	0.09
	Trial × pesticide	8. 49	0.53	0.83	0.08
Adult longevity	Trial	1.47	0.83	0.37	0.02
	Pesticide	8.47	0.32	0.96	0.05
	Trial × pesticide	8.47	0.51	0.84	0.08
Wing length	Trial	1.47	15.47	0.00	0.25
	Pesticide	8.47	1.85	0.09	0.24
	Trial × Pesticide	8.47	0.93	0.50	0.14

The generalized eta squared (ges) calculates how much variation in the response is explained by predictor variables. Significant (P < 0.05) or marginally significant (P < 0.1) effects are bolded for emphasis.