Table 4.

SOC and treatments

During hospitalization
Oxygen therapy	Continuous low-flow oxygen absorption (oxygen concentration is 2 L/min).
Short-acting inhaled bronchodilator	Albuterol atomization solution 5 mg, ipratropium bromide atomization solution 500μg, nebulization, Bid.
Theophylline	Aminophylline 0.5 g for injection, intravenous drip, Qd; Peony ambroxol 60 mg, intravenous drip, Bid.
Antibiotics	Penicillins: piperacillin tazobactam 4.5 g, intravenous infusion, Q8h; quinolines: levofloxacin injection 0.5 g, intravenous infusion, Qd. Antibiotics for 7–10 days.
After discharge
Group A use a bronchodilator
Group B use LAMA or LABA
Group C use LAMA
Group D use LAMA and/or LABA+ICS

Group A to D is classified according to the 2019 GOLD guideline

LAMA long-acting anti-muscarinic antagonists, LABA long-acting beta2-agonists, ICS inhaled corticosteroids