Fig. 3.

SKN inhibits HHcy-induced metabolic reprogramming in CD4⁺ T cells. a, b Splenic CD4⁺ T cells isolated from CTL and HHcy mice treated with or without SKN (1.2 mg/kg) were stimulated with anti-CD3 (1 μg/mL) for 24 h ex vivo. ECAR and OCR were detected by extracellular flux analysis (n = 5 mice per group). Rot rotenone, Anti A antimycin A. c, d Splenic CD4⁺ T cells were treated with or without SKN (0.2 μM) for 30 min and then stimulated with or without Hcy (100 μM) for 24 h. ECAR and OCR were detected by extracellular flux analysis (n = 5). The data are shown as mean ± SD. One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test was used for multiple comparisons. *P < 0.05 compared with the CTL group; ^#P < 0.05 compared with the HHcy or Hcy group