Table 1.
QMRA calculations.
| Type of exposure | COVID-19 infected population in the WWTP contribution area | COVID-19 infected population having RNA viral in stoolf in the WWTP contribution area | SARS-CoV-2 RNA viral load in sewage, GC·mL−1 | Viable SARS-CoV-2 concentration in sewage, PFU·mL−1 | Dose (d), PFU | Risk of infection (P) | Tolerable infection risk pppy for SARS-CoV-2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 - SARS-CoV-2/SJN-WWTPa/Extremec | 36,977 | 17,749 | 4.44 × 103 | 4.44 | 4.44 | 1.1E-02 | 5.5E-04 |
| 2 - SARS-CoV-2/S-WWTPb/Extremec | 187,522 | 90,011 | 5.23 × 103 | 5.23 | 5.23 | 1.3E-02 | |
| 3 - SARS-CoV-2/SJN-WWTPa/Aggressived | 7615 | 3655 | 9.14 × 102 | 0.91 | 0.91 | 2.2E-03 | |
| 4 - SARS-CoV-2/S-WWTPb/Aggressived | 38,620 | 18,538 | 1.08 × 103 | 1.08 | 1.08 | 2.6E-03 | |
| 5 - SARS-CoV-2/SJN-WWTPa/Moderatee | 345 | 165 | 4.14 × 101 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 1.0E-04 | |
| 6 - SARS-CoV-2/S-WWTPb/Moderatee | 1748 | 839 | 4.87 × 101 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 1.2E-04 |
Sewage flow rate of 306 L·s−1, corresponding to 11.22% of the total population in Porto Alegre (Brazil).
Sewage flow rate of 1318 L·s−1, corresponding to 56.90% of the total population in Porto Alegre (Brazil).
Based on the total estimated population in New York City (United States), in April 2020 of 8,399,000 (United States Census, 2020) and its total COVID-19 active cases of 223,863 (obtained from the difference between the total positive cases of COVID-19 minus the total recovered and deaths (URL 1)). Additionally, not reported COVID-19 cases (88%) were accounted based on Russell et al. (2020), resulting in 22% of the population, in the extreme scenario, infected with COVID-19.
Based on the total estimated population in Madrid (Spain), in April 2020, of 6,642,000 (Eurostat, 2020) and its total COVID-19 active cases of 19,749 (obtained from the difference between the total positive cases of COVID-19 minus the total recovered and deaths (URL 2)). Additionally, not reported COVID-19 cases (93.5%) were accounted based on Russell et al. (2020), resulting in 4.6% of the population in the extreme scenario infected with COVID-19.
Based the total estimated population in Porto Alegre, in April 2020, of 1,483,771 (IBGE, 2020) and its total COVID-19 active cases of 3072, obtained from UFPEL – Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 2020a, UFPEL – Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 2020b, considering the under-reported COVID-19 case numbers of 93.2% (UFPEL – Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 2020a, UFPEL – Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 2020b), resulting in 0.2% of the total population, in the moderate scenario, infected with COVID-19.
Based on a 48% relation of COVID-19 infected patients having RNA viral in stool during the illness (Cheung et al., 2020).