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. 2020 Sep 3;244:117834. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117834

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1

Schematic overview of the processes by which aviation emissions and increased cirrus cloudiness affect the climate system. Net positive RF (warming) contributions arise from CO2, water vapor, NOx, and soot emissions, and from contrail cirrus (consisting of linear contrails and the cirrus cloudiness arising from them). Negative RF (cooling) contributions arise from sulfate aerosol production. Net warming from NOx emissions is a sum over warming (short-term ozone increase) and cooling (decreases in methane and stratospheric water vapor, and a long-term decrease in ozone) terms. Net warming from contrail cirrus is a sum over the day/night cycle. These contributions involve a large number of chemical, microphysical, transport and, radiative processes in the global atmosphere. The quantitative ERF values associated with these processes are shown in Fig. 3 for 2018.