Fig. 3.

Best-estimates for climate forcing terms from global aviation from 1940 to 2018. The bars and whiskers show ERF best estimates and the 5–95% confidence intervals, respectively. Red bars indicate warming terms and blue bars indicate cooling terms. Numerical ERF and RF values are given in the columns with 5–95% confidence intervals along with ERF/RF ratios and confidence levels. ERF and RF values are shown for other years in Table 2, Table 3, Fig. 6 and the SD spreadsheet. RF values are multiplied by the respective ERF/RF ratio to yield ERF values. ERF/RF values designated as [1] indicate that no estimate is available yet. The basis for confidence levels is presented in Table 4b, Table 4a.