TABLE 2.
Anti-viral activity of bacteriocins.
| Bacteriocin name | Producing strain | Antiviral activity tested | Mechanisms of action | References |
| Enterocin CRL35 | Enterococcus mundtii CRL35 | HSV-1 and HSV-2 | A late step of virus multiplication is hindered by the prevention of mainly late glycoprotein D (gamma protein) synthesis. Virus adsorption and penetration are not affected. | Wachsman et al., 1999, 2003 |
| Enterocin ST4V | E. mundtii ST4V | HSV-1 and HSV-2, Poliovirus PV-3, Measles virus (strain MV/BRAZIL/001/91, an attenuated strain) | The HSV-1 and HSV-2 replication is inhibited. | Todorov et al., 2005 |
| Mechanism also might involve aggregation of the virus particles or blocking of their receptor sites. | ||||
| Staphylococcin 188 | Staphylococcus aureus AB188 | Newcastle disease virus | Unknown | Saeed et al., 2004 |
| Enterocin B | E. faecium L3 | HSV-1 | Unknown | Ermolenko et al., 2010 |
| Enterocin ST5H | E. faecium ST5Ha | HSV-1 | Unknown | Todorov et al., 2010 |
| Labyrinthopeptin A1 | Actinomadura namibiensis DSM 6313 | HIV-1 and HSV-1 | LabyA1 interacted with envelope proteins, but not with the cellular receptors and acts as an entry inhibitor. | Férir et al., 2013 |
| Subtilosin A | Bacillus subtilis KATMIRA 1933 | HSV-1 and HSV-2 | Acts on enveloped viruses, no activity on non-enveloped viruses. Most likely, inhibits late stages of protein synthesis. Also active against drug-resistant HSV-1. | Torres et al., 2013; Quintana et al., 2014 |
| Enterocin B | E. faecium L3 | À/Perth/16/2009(H3N2) and A/South Africa/3626/2013(H1N1) pdm influenza viruses | Unknown | Ermolenko et al., 2018 |
| Bacteriocin-containing cell free supernatant | Lactobacillus delbrueckii | Influenza virus A/chicken/Germany, strain Weybridge (H7N7) and strain Rostock (H7N1) in cell cultures of chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEF) | Reduces expression of viral glycoproteins hemagglutinin, neuraminidase, and nucleoprotein on the surface of infected cells, reduces virus-induced cytopathic effect, infectious virus yield, and hemagglutinin production. Crude bacteriocin-containing preparation did not protect cells from infection, did not affect adsorption, and slightly inhibited viral penetration into infected cells. | Serkedjieva et al., 2000 |
| Computer modeling Nisin- and subtilosin-derivatives | In silico design | Hepatitis E virus (HEV) | Theoretical estimation: binding with the capsid protein. | Quintero-Gil et al., 2017 |
| Semi-purified bacteriocins | Lactococcus lactis GLc03 and GLc05, E. durans GEn09, GEn12, GEn14 and GEn17 | Herpes simplex virus 1 (HVS-1) and Poliovirus (PV-1) | Antiviral activity before virus adsorption was recorded against HSV-1 35 for GEn14 (58.7%) and GEn17 (39.2%). Antiviral activity after virus 36 adsorption was identified against PV-1 for GLc05 (32.7%), GEn09 (91.0%), GEn12 (93.7%) 37 and GEn17 (57.2%), and against HSV-1 for GEn17 (71.6%). | Quintana et al., 2014 |
| The inactivation of HVS-1 viral particles may have occurred due to its interaction with the phospholipids on the viral envelope, avoiding its binding to cell receptors. | ||||
| The inhibition of PV-1 did not occur before its adsorption. | ||||
| Duramycin | Streptomyces cinnamoneus | Zika virus | (An inhibitor of TIM1 receptor) | Tabata et al., 2016 |
| Duramycin, a peptide that binds phosphatidylethanolamine in enveloped virions and precludes TIM1 binding, reduced ZIKV infection in placental cells and explants. | ||||
| West Nile, dengue and Ebola viruses | Inhibits the entry of West Nile, dengue, and Ebola viruses. The inhibitory effect of duramycin is specific manner: it inhibits TIM1-mediated, but not L-SIGN-mediated, virus infection, and it does so by blocking virus attachment to TIM1. | Richard et al., 2015 | ||
| Micrococcin P1 | Staphylococcus equorum WS2733 | Hepatitis C | Inhibited HCV entry in a pan-genotypic manner, and prevented cell-to-cell spread without affecting the secretion of infectious HCV particles. In addition, micrococcin P1 acted synergistically with selected HCV inhibitors, and could potentially be used as a cost-effective component in HCV combination therapies. | Lee et al., 2016 |
| Nisin | Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis | Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) | Nisin decreased both the extracellular virus titre and theamount of intracellular viral RNA. The best effect was | Małaczewska et al., 2019 |
| observed when nisin was present throughout the entire | ||||
| duration of viral infection (adsorption + post-adsorption). | ||||
| Cytomegalovirus | Unknown | Beljaars et al., 2001 | ||
| Bacteriophage c2 (DNA head and non-contractile tail) infecting Lactococcus strains | The positively charged compounds can adsorb on viral capsid by also electrostatic interaction which inhibit viral adsorption on host cells. | Ly-Chatain et al., 2013 | ||
| Staphylococcin 18 enterocins AAR-71, AAR-74, and erwiniocin NA4 | Staphylococcus aureus AB188 E. faecalis/BLIS Erwinia carotovora NA4/BLIS | Coliphage HSA | Unknown | Qureshi H. et al., 2006 |