Table 3.

Summary of included literature.

Study	Study objective	Location and setting	Sample	Research design	Methods	Key findings/themes
Amelia et al. [14]. “Analysis of Factors Affecting the Self-Care Behaviours of Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 Patients in Binjai, North Sumatera-Indonesia”	To determine the most dominant factor affecting the self-care behavior of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus	Binjai, North Sumatera-Indonesia. Urban	115 respondents—male and female, middle-aged adults and elderly, educated and less educated, high and low socioeconomic status (SES)	Descriptive quantitative and explanatory research	Questionnaires	Self-care behaviors of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Binjai were significantly influenced by motivation, self-efficacy, communication, knowledge, and attitude. Motivation was the most dominant factor.
Bayhakki et al. [10]. “Self-Caring in Islamic Culture of Muslim Persons with End-Stage Renal Disease and Hemodialysis: An Ethnographic Study”	To explore self-caring among Islamic persons living with end-stage renal disease undergoing hemodialysis	Pekanbaru, Indonesia. Urban	12 participants—male and female, middle-aged adults and elderly, educated and less educated, high and low SES	Ethnography	Interview, observation, medical records	Identified themes: (1) Meaning of self-caring (2) Actions in self-caring (3) Islamic influences to self-care living (4) Cultural influences to self-care living
Dewi et al. [8]. “Maintaining Balance and Harmony': Javanese Perceptions of Health and Cardiovascular Disease”	To understand patients' perceptions of health and cardiovascular disease	Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Urban	78 informants—male and female, high and low SES	Qualitative description	Focus group discussion, individual interview	Identified themes: (1) The cause of heart disease (2) Men have no time for health (3) Women are caretakers for health (4) Different information seeking pattern (high vs. low SES) (5) The role of community
Indrayana et al. [11]. “Illness Perception as a Predictor of Foot Care Behavior among People with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Indonesia”	To characterize the relationships among demographic factors, foot care knowledge, illness perception, including local beliefs and foot care practices among people with type 2 diabetes mellitus	Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Urban	200 patients—male and female, middle-aged adults and elderly, educated and less educated, high and low SES	Cross-sectional study	Foot care knowledge questionnaire, the brief illness perception questionnaire, the diabetes foot self-care behavior questionnaire, and local beliefs about diabetes mellitus were measured using a developed questionnaire	(1) Knowledge regarding foot care was strongly correlated with foot care behaviors (2) Perception about illness, including the consequences, the timeline, the treatment control, the identity, the concern, and the coherence, was correlated with foot care behaviors (3) The “food-related and spiritual beliefs” factor was related to foot care behaviors (4) The participants who agreed more that “diabetes is only related to food problems; diabetes is a temptation from God; refusing foods and drinks served by another person is impolite” were more likely to have better foot care behaviors
Kristianingrum et al. [15]. “Perceived Family Support among Older Persons in Diabetes Mellitus Self-Management”	To explore perceived family support by older persons in diabetes mellitus self-management	East Java, Indonesia. Urban and rural	9 older people—male and female, educated and less educated	Descriptive phenomenology	Semistructured interview, field notes	Family support included daily activity assistance, help with accessing health services, food preparation, financial support, psychological support, advice, and solutions regarding self-management.
Ligita et al. [7]. “How People Living with Diabetes in Indonesia Learn about Their Disease: A Grounded Theory Study”	To generate a theory explaining the process by which people with diabetes learn about their disease in Indonesia	Pontianak, the capital city of West Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. Urban	28 participants—from inpatient and outpatient settings	Grounded theory	Face to face and telephone interviews	The core category and social process of the theory was Learning, choosing, and acting: self-management of diabetes in Indonesia; this process includes five major distinctive categories: seeking and receiving diabetes-related information, processing received information, responding to recommendations, appraising the results, and sharing with others. People with diabetes acted after they had received recommendations that they considered to be trustworthy. Resource issues (affordability and accessibility of therapies) and physiological and psychological reasons influenced peoples' choice of recommendations.
Mizutani et al. [12]. “Model Development of Healthy-Lifestyle Behaviours for Rural Muslim Indonesians with Hypertension: A Qualitative Study”	To explore the perceptions of middle-aged husbands and wives, whose lives were affected directly or indirectly by hypertension, on their healthy-lifestyle behaviors and related reasons for practicing the behaviors	West Java District, Indonesia. Rural	12 married couples	Qualitative description and case study	Semistructured interview	(1) Behaving healthy by eating well, doing physical activity, resting, not smoking, managing stress, seeking health information, seeking healthcare, providing care for family and community, and fulfilling their obligations to God (2) Reasons for practicing healthy-lifestyle behaviors were beliefs, competence, religious support, prior experience, social support, and health system support (3) Reasons for not practicing healthy-lifestyle behaviors were personal, social, and environmental barriers
Rahmawati and Bajorek [9]. “Understanding Untreated Hypertension from Patients' Point of View: A Qualitative Study in Rural Yogyakarta Province, Indonesia”	To explore perspectives about hypertension from patients who do not take antihypertensive medications	Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Rural	30 participants—middle-aged and older adults	Qualitative description	Face to face semistructured interviews	Identified themes: (1) Alternative medicines for managing high blood pressure (2) Accessing healthcare services (3) The need for antihypertensive medications (4) Existing support and patients' expectations Reluctance to take antihypertensive medications was influenced by patients' beliefs in personal health threats and the effectiveness of antihypertensive medications, high self-efficacy for taking alternative medicines, the lack of recommendations regarding hypertension treatment, and barriers to accessing supplies of medicines.
Rahmawati and Bajorek [16]. “Access to Medicines for Hypertension: A Survey in Rural Yogyakarta Province, Indonesia”	To explore how and where people in rural villages in Indonesia obtain their supplies of antihypertensive medications	Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Rural	384 participants—male and female, middle-aged and older adults, high and low SES	Descriptive quantitative	Researcher-administered questionnaire	Among 384 participants, 203 people reported had taken medication for the latest 30 days before the data collection. 97 of 203 participants (50%) obtained hypertensive medications from public health services, while 61 participants (30%) get the medications from private healthcare providers (e.g., private hospital, community pharmacy, private nurse, private doctor, and private nurse), and 45 participants (22%) reported obtaining the medications from varied sources (e.g., pharmacy, community health centre)