. 2020 Aug 16;12(8):2464. doi: 10.3390/nu12082464

Table 2.

Characteristics of women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), their serum zinc concentration and the statistically significant changes in various biochemical parameters.

Age (Years)		BMI (kg/m²)		Zinc (µg/dL)		Additional Information			Ref.
Control	PCOS	Control	PCOS	Control	PCOS	Parameters	Control	PCOS	Ref.
27.75 ± 5.45 (n = 30)	24.25 ± 4.68 (n = 35)	22.63 ± 3.08	21.72 ± 3.02	77 ± 19	92 ± 20^b	T (ng/dL) DHEAS (µg/dL)	45.8 ± 13.4 180.85 ± 80.45	83.24 ± 37.04^c 307.81 ± 132.77^c	[45]
28.33 ± 0.87 (n = 46)	28.93 ± 0.36 (n = 132)	23.02 ± 0.17	23.57 ± 0.49	56 ± 6.7	60 ± 34.4	LH (mIU/mL)	7.39 ± 0.41	5.91 ± 0.39^a	[46]
						T (ng/dL)	47 ± 24	149 ± 18^c
						fasting insulin (µIU/mL)	8.12 ± 0.66	12.38 ± 0.83^b
						HOMA2-IR	1.27 ± 0.37	2.21 ± 0.25^c
						manganese (µg/dL)	13 ± 1.1	23 ± 2.2^b
						calcium (µg/dL)	210 ± 11	300 ± 42^a
28.0 ± 5.9 (n = 33)	25.4 ± 6.7 (n = 53)	23.5 ± 4.9	27.4 ± 6.8^a	78.1 ± 14.7	66.3 ± 13.2^c	HDL-C (mg/dL)	52.4 ± 11.3	45.6 ± 8.9^b	[47]
						TG (mg/dL)	79.3 ± 39.3	109.9 ± 60^a
						TG/HDL ratio	1.6 ± 1	2.5 ± 1.7^a
						Hcy (µmol/L)	10.5 ± 2.8	8.9 ± 2.3^a
29 (26–31) (n = 105)	27.0 (25–30) (n = 96)	20.45 (18.98–22.50)	22.07 (19.72–25.03) ^c	87.74 (79.21–96.63)	82.37 (76.96–89.45)^b	LH (mIU/mL)	4.38 (3.14–5.61)	9.80 (5.36–15.14)^c	[27]
						LH/FSH	0.64 (0.46–0.81)	1.51 (0.90–2.17)^c
						tT (ng/dL)	33.98 (25.92–44.93)	55.01 (44.06–69.98)^c
						DHEAS (µg/dL)	270.94 (228.21–320.37)	311.03 (269.96–348.59)^c
						SHGB (nmol/L)	37.20 (28.90–57.81)	16.74 (9.55–48.03)^c
						fasting insulin (µIU/mL)	6.90 (5–8.60)	10.35 (6.43–13.50)^c
						fasting glucose (mg/dL)	83.52 (77.94–88.92)	86.49 (80.82–92.12)^a
						GIR	12.04 (9.42–15.65)	8.61 (6.62–13.33)^c
						HOMA-IR	1.44 (1–1.84)	2.22 (1.35–2.97)^c
						QUICKI	0.36 (0.35–0.38)	0.34 (0.32–0.37)^c
						TG (mg/dL)	7.54 (5–9.91)	9.91 (7.1–14.74)^c
						HDL-C (mg/dL)	56.5 (47.7–66.9)	53.5 (45.4–60.8)^a
29.4 ± 8.8 (n = 53)	26.2 ± 5.5 (n = 71)	23.8 ± 4.7	26.9 ± 5.4	99.4 ± 19.9	84.4 ± 25.5^a	glucose (mg/dL)	78.5 ± 7.1	90.2 ± 6.1^b	[48]
						insulin (µIU/mL)	9.7 ± 6.4	13.18 ± 8.9^a
						HOMA-IR	1.88 ± 1.68	2.92 ± 2.15^a
						LH (mIU/mL)	4.48 ± 2.03	7.95 ± 5.06^c
						tT (ng/dL)	89 ± 34	155 ± 91^c
						freeT (ng/dL)	146 ± 22	231 ± 54^c
						MDA (nmol/mL)	3.1 ± 2.7	23.0 ± 13.8^c
						catalase (µg/mL)	2302 ± 437.3	1875.7 ± 435.1^a
						GPx (µg/mL)	3.2 ± 0.5	3.6 ± 0.4^a
33(30–37) (n = 559)	30.0(28–33) (n = 578)^c	21.12 (19.72–23.34)	22.01 (19.97–24.44)^c	646.23 (541.25–754.97)	659.42 (560.82–771.16)	FSH (mIU/mL)	7.90 (6.67–9.18)	6.90 (6.01–8.16)^c	[47]
						LH (mIU/mL)	3.68 (2.82–4.86)	5.59 (3.91–9.84)^c
						copper (µg/dL)	114.22 (98.34–138.79)	126.19 (106.91–152.27)^c
						calcium (mg/dL)	6.44 (5.76–7.04)	6.2 (5.64–6.84)^c
25.34 ± 5.82 (n = 67)	24.06 ± 6.12 (n = 65)	25.27 ± 2.68	26.0 ± 4.52	89.22 ± 9.83	95.45 ± 10.94	hirsutism score	1.28 ± 1.73	8.32 ± 3.67^a	[49]
						insulin (µIU/mL)	6.48 ± 2.34	10.71 ± 5.47^a
						HOMA-IR	1.92 ± 0.58	2.37 ± 0.77^a
25.18 ± 3.1 (n = 40)	25.48 ± 3.56 (n = 40)	28.28 ± 8.33	28.34 ± 7.17	83.8 ± 10.11	75.31 ± 33.91	prolactin (IU/mL)	9.19 ± 2.2	15.07 ± 8.42^c	[50]
25.18 ± 3.1 (n = 40)	25.48 ± 3.56 (n = 40)	28.28 ± 8.33	28.34 ± 7.17	83.8 ± 10.11	75.31 ± 33.91	LH (IU/mL)	4.57 ± 1.8	6.48 ± 4.36^a	[50]
27.1 ± 4.8 (n = 50)	26.9 ± 5.2 (n = 50)	25.6 ± 5.7	28.4 ± 4.2^b	138 (98.2–192)	123 (103.5–180.7)	Cu/Zn	1.5 (0.9–1.8)	1.1 (0.8–1.4)^a	[51]
29.17 ± 5.03 (n = 90)	28.68 ± 5.08 (n = 60)	27.92 ± 4.70	29.14 ± 5.57	108.31 ± 63.29	81.33 ± 24.28^a	insulin (µIU/mL)	11.80 ± 5.12	15.67 ± 7.88^b	[18]
						HOMA-IR	2.46 ± 1.15	3.44 ± 2.11^b
						QUICKI	0.339 ± 0.02	0.326 ± 0.03^b
						GIR	8.63 ± 4.36	7.05 ± 4.77^b
15.21 ± 1.42 (n = 51)	15.67 ± 1.58 (n = 34)	23.0 ± 3.23	25.79 ± 4.80	101.72 ± 16.71	102.27 ± 10.41		“idiopathic hirsutism" group		[28]
						T (ng/dL)	30.57 ± 10.61	54.71 ± 26.54^a
						DHEAS (µg/dL)	273.43 ± 61.07	283.21 ± 142.87^c
BMI < 25									[29]
	24 (18–39) (n = 55)		20.94 (16.16–24.89)		85.77 (58.97–107.57)	copper (µg/dL)		80.21 (38.63–139.50)
						Cu/Zn		0.96 (0.62–1.50)
						glucose (mg/dl)		87 (75–98)
						glucose 120′ (mg/dL)		92 (31–141)
						insulin (µIU/mL)		4.71 (1.72–13.11)
						insulin 120′(µIU/mL)		24.47 (8.36–90.46)
						HOMA-IR		1.05 (0.36–2.88)
						SIRT1 (ng/mL)		1.18 (0.81–30.87)
BMI ≥ 25
	23 (17–38) (n = 21)		31.14 (25.10–41.52)		81.82 (59.60–109.99)	copper (µg/dL)		94.82 (61.99–118.87)
						Cu/Zn		1.06 (0.73–1.67)
						glucose (mg/dl)		88 (79–116)
						glucose 120′ (mg/dL)		113 (75–185)
						insulin (µIU/mL)		10.32 (2.73–34.67)
						insulin 120′ (µIU/mL)		52.2 (18.21–151.14)
						HOMA-IR		2.17 (0.61–9.93)
						SIRT1 (ng/mL)		1.09 (0.88–3.59)

^ap ≤ 0.05 vs. control; ^b p ≤ 0.01 vs. control; ^c p ≤ 0.001 vs. control; Values are expressed as mean ± SD; mean ± SEM (underlined); medians (25–75% quartiles) (italics); medians (min–max value) (italics, underlined); DHEAS: dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate; freeT: free testosterone; FSH: follicle stimulating hormone; GIR: glucose/insulin ratio; GPx: glutathione peroxidase; Hcy: homocysteine; HDL-C: high density lipoprotein-cholesterol; HOMA2-IR: homeostasis model assessment—insulin resistance index (HOMA2-IR > 2.1—insulin resistance); HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment—insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR > 2.5 was accepted as insulin resistance); LH: luteinizing hormone; QUICKI: quantitative insulin sensitivity check index, SHGB: sex hormone binding globulin; SIRT1: sirtuin 1; T: testosterone; TG: triglycerides; tT: total testosterone.