Table 3.
The effects of zinc supplementation on various biochemical parameters in women with PCOS.
| Type of Supplementation | Inclusion Criteria | Parameters | Placebo | Zinc Supplementation | Ref. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | End of Trial | Change | Baseline | End of Trial | Change | ||||
| 220 mg of zinc sulfate (50 mg Zn) 8 weeks; |
PCOS women 20–45 years Placebo group (n = 30) Zinc group (n = 35) |
zinc (µg/dL) | 78.25 ± 0.87 | 79.30 ± 0.85 | 1.05 ± 0.70 | 76.11 ± 1.06 | 108.18 ± 1.77c | 32.06 ± 1.76c | [52] |
| insulin (µU/mL) | 17.93 ± 1.64 | 17.97 ± 1.56 | 0.04 ± 0.23 | 18.73 ± 1.41 | 16.19 ± 1.32c | −2.54 ± 0.40c | |||
| HOMA-IR | 4.16 ± 0.37 | 4.16 ± 0.36 | −0.003 ± 0.05 | 4.34 ± 0.31 | 3.71 ± 0.29c | −0.62 ± 0.09c | |||
| TC (mg/dL) | 196.0 ± 1.5 | 196.6 ± 1.5 | 0.66 ± 0.44 | 196.3 ± 1.7 | 194.8 ± 1.5b | −3.73 ± 1.81b | |||
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 133.2 ± 4.5 | 134.04 ± 4.4a | 1.06 ± 0.48 | 132.77 ± 4.0 | 130.71 ± 3.7c | −5.84 ± 4.41 | |||
| TG (mg/dL) | 180.5 ± 9.3 | 180.4 ± 9.4 | −0.33 ± 0.44 | 182.9 ± 9.2 | 178.1 ± 8.5c | −11.46 ± 3.37b | |||
| T (ng/dL) | 90 ± 6 | 89 ± 6 | −1 ± 2 | 95 ± 6 | 88 ± 7a | −7 ± 3 | |||
| DHEAS (µg/dL) | 150 ± 14 | 147 ± 14 | −3 ± 1 | 156 ± 15 | 154 ± 14 | −19 ± 5b | |||
| 220 mg of zinc sulfate (50 mg Zn) 8 weeks; |
PCOS women 18–40 years Placebo group (n = 26) Zinc group (n = 26) |
zinc (mg/dL) | 101.0 ± 14.8 | 96.9 ± 10.9 | −4.1 ± 16.7 | 113.4 ± 21.3 | 129.0 ± 30.1a | 15.6 ± 21.8c | [53] |
| FPG (mg/dL) | 92.5 ± 7.1 | 93.0 ± 7.5 | 0.5 ± 6.0 | 99.8 ± 10.3 | 95.5 ± 8.0a | −4.3 ± 9.6a | |||
| insulin (µIU/mL) | 10.0 ± 8.3 | 11.5 ± 8.8 | 1.5 ± 8.4 | 10.4 ± 3.7 | 7.4 ± 2.0a | −3.0 ± 2.9b | |||
| HOMA-IR | 2.3 ± 1.9 | 2.6 ± 2.1 | 0.3 ± 1.9 | 2.6 ± 1.2 | 1.8 ± 0.8a | −0.8 ± 0.8b | |||
| HOMA-B | 36.4 ± 33.4 | 41.3 ± 33.4 | 4.9 ± 32.1 | 33.7 ± 11.4 | 23.1 ± 7.4a | −10.6 ± 9.5a | |||
| QUICKI | 0.35 ± 0.03 | 0.35 ± 0.04 | −0.004 ± 0.05 | 0.33 ± 0.02 | 0.35 ± 0.02a | 0.02 ± 0.02a | |||
| TG (mg/dL) | 108.7 ± 50.2 | 123.2 ± 61.3a | 14.5 ± 25.3 | 126.8 ± 56.2 | 111.2 ± 57.8 | −15.6 ± 40.3b | |||
| VLDL-C (mg/dL) | 21.7 ± 10.0 | 24.6 ± 12.3a | 2.9 ± 5.1 | 25.4 ± 11.2 | 22.2 ± 11.6 | −3.2 ± 8.1b | |||
| 220 mg of zinc sulfate (50 mg Zn) 8 weeks |
PCOS women 18–40 years Placebo group (n = 24) Zinc group (n = 24) |
zinc (mg/dL) | 102.66 ± 13.71 | 99.32 ± 10.31 | −3.34 ± 15.83 | 111.89 ± 20.9 | 128.87 ± 30.91 | 16.98 ± 22.3c | [54] |
| FSH (IU/L) | 7.16 ± 1.82 | 8.05 ± 1.84 | 0.89 ± 2.28 | 12.94 ± 8.52 | 11.87 ± 7.44 | −1.07 ± 5.16b | |||
| freeT (ng/dL) | 0.351 ± 0.186 | 0.341 ± 0.193 | −0.010 ± 0.096 | 0.265 ± 0.115 | 0.251 ± 0.109 | −0.014 ± 0.062a | |||
| 17-OHP (ng/mL) | 2.10 ± 1.23 | 1.92 ± 1.35 | −0.18 ± 1.78 | 1.13 ± 0.99 | 1.0 ± 0.61 | −0.13 ± 1.20c | |||
| TAC (nmol/L) | 718.2 ± 138.32 | 666.85 ± 135.7 | −51.35 ± 182.81 | 801.74 ± 210.59 | 781.66 ± 142.26 | −20.08 ± 156.82b | |||
| MDA (nmol/mL) | 4.96 ± 2.97 | 7.30 ± 4.37a | 2.34 ± 5.53 | 4.37 ± 1.04 | 4.28 ± 0.65 | −0.09 ± 1.31c | |||
| 250 mg of magnesium oxide + 220 mg of zinc sulfate (50 mg Zn) 12 weeks; twice a day |
PCOS women 18–40 years Placebo group (n = 30) Zinc group (n = 30) |
magnesium (mg/dL) | 1.81 ± 0.32 | 1.76 ± 0.31 | −0.05 ± 0.17 | 1.84 ± 0.29 | 2.05 ± 0.31 | 0.21 ± 0.24c | [55] |
| zinc (mg/dL) | 84.9 ± 11.6 | 84.3 ± 11.1 | −0.6 ± 3.9 | 80.4 ± 12.4 | 86.3 ± 13.4 | 6.6 ± 5.0c | |||
| hs-CRP (mg/L) | 5.1 ± 1.9 | 5.2 ± 1.9 | 0.1 ± 0.7 | 4.4 ± 2.6 | 2.8 ± 1.4 | −1.6 ± 2.4c | |||
| TAC (nmol/L) | 795 ± 132.5 | 793.5 ± 172.8 | −1.5 ± 141.5 | 712.7 ± 64 | 785.4 ± 73.1 | 60.7 ± 69.4c | |||
| PCO (nmol/mg protein) | 2.67 ± 0.64 | 2.70 ± 35 | 0.02 ± 0.07 | 2.59 ± 0.39 | 2.45 ± 0.41 | −0.14 ± 0.28b | |||
| 100 mg of Mg + 4 mg of Zn + 400 mg of Ca + 200 IU of Vit. D; 12 weeks; twice a day |
PCOS women 18–40 years Placebo group (n = 30) Zinc group (n = 30) |
magnesium (mg/dL) | 1.6 ± 0.3 | 1.5 ± 0.2 | −0.1 ± 0.3 | 1.5 ± 0.2 | 1.6 ± 0.2 | 0.1 ± 0.1b | [56] |
| zinc (mg/dL) | 101.0 ± 14.9 | 100.1 ± 13.6 | −0.9 ± 7.6 | 106.1 ± 17.9 | 109.1 ± 18.5 | 3.0 ± 8.8 | |||
| calcium (mg/dL) | 9.3 ± 0.5 | 9.3 ± 0.8 | −0.01 ± 0.6 | 9.5 ± 0.5 | 9.9 ± 0.5 | 0.4 ± 0.3c | |||
| 25-OH D (ng/mL) | 10.8 ± 4.6 | 10.9 ± 4.5 | 0.1 ± 0.5 | 10.1 ± 4.9 | 18.0 ± 10.3 | 7.9 ± 8.4c | |||
| tT (ng/dL) | 140 ± 90 | 150 ± 90 | 10 ± 40 | 160 ± 60 | 140 ± 50 | −20 ± 50a | |||
| mF-G scores | 12.6 ± 3.9 | 12.5 ± 3.9 | −0.1 ± 0.4 | 14.3 ± 3.8 | 11.9 ± 3.1 | −2.4 ± 1.2c | |||
| hs-CRP (mg/L) | 3.1 ± 2.1 | 3.3 ± 1.8 | 0.2 ± 0.8 | 3.7 ± 1.6 | 3.0 ± 1.2 | −0.7 ± 0.8c | |||
| TAC (nmol/L) | 881.6 ± 165.0 | 873.9 ± 189.3 | −7.7 ± 130.1 | 794.9 ± 59.3 | 841.5 ± 75.8 | 46.6 ± 66.5a | |||
| MDA (nmol/mL) | 2.2 ± 0.6 | 2.4 ± 0.9 | 0.2 ± 1.0 | 2.8 ± 0.2 | 2.4 ± 0.2 | −0.4 ± 0.3b | |||
ap ≤ 0.05 vs. control; b p ≤ 0.01 vs. control; c p ≤ 0.001 vs. control; Values are expressed as mean ± SD; mean ± SEM (underlined); 17-OHP: 17-hydroxyprogesterone; DHEAS: dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; freeT: free testosterone; FSH: follicle stimulating hormone; HOMA-B: homeostatic model assessment-beta cell function; HOMA-IR: homeostatic model of assessment-insulin resistance; hs-CRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, LDL-C: low density lipoprotein-cholesterol; MDA: malondialdehyde; mF-G scores: modified Ferriman Gallwey; PCO: protein carbonyl; QUICKI: quantitative insulin sensitivity check index; T: testosterone; TAC: total antioxidant capacity; TC: total cholesterol in serum; TG: triglycerides; tT: total testosterone; VLDL-C: very low density lipoprotein-cholesterol.