Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of the study participants.
| Underweight | Normal | Overweight | Obesity | All | p-Value * | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 3686 | 12,787 | 1498 | 341 | 18,312 | |
| Maternal and gestational factors | ||||||
| Pre-pregnancy BMI | 17.5 (0.8) | 20.9 (1.7) | 26.9 (1.3) | 32.8 (2.6) | 21 (3.2) | |
| Maternal age | 26.8 (4.7) | 28.6 (4.8) | 29.5 (4.9) | 28.9 (4.8) | 28.3 (4.9) | <0.0001 |
| Parity | <0.0001 | |||||
| Primiparous | 2301 (62.4) | 6420 (50.2) | 537 (35.9) | 123 (36.1) | 9381 (51.2) | |
| Smoking during pregnancy | 176 (4.8) | 367 (2.9) | 57 (3.8) | 14 (4.1) | 614 (3.4) | <0.0001 |
| Gestational diabetes | 39 (1.1) | 236 (1.9) | 78 (5.2) | 25 (7.3) | 378 (2.1) | <0.0001 |
| Cesarean delivery | 980 (26.6) | 4077 (31.9) | 661 (44.1) | 198 (58.1) | 5916 (32.3) | <0.0001 |
| Preterm delivery | 224 (6.1) | 774 (6.1) | 140 (9.4) | 44 (12.9) | 1182 (6.5) | <0.0001 |
| Dyad separation | 85 (2.3) | 267 (2.1) | 50 (3.3) | 17 (5) | 419 (2.3) | 0.0001 |
| Gestational weight gain | <0.0001 | |||||
| Inadequate | 1410 (38.3) | 3599 (28.2) | 170 (11.4) | 37 (10.9) | 5216 (28.5) | |
| Within normal range | 1606 (43.6) | 5419 (42.4) | 548 (36.6) | 99 (29) | 7672 (41.9) | |
| Excessive | 670 (18.2) | 3769 (29.5) | 780 (52.1) | 205 (60.1) | 5424 (29.6) | |
| Infant sex, male | 1855 (50.3) | 6696 (52.4) | 761 (50.8) | 182 (53.4) | 9494 (51.9) | 0.12 |
| Socioeconomic factors | ||||||
| Maternal education | <0.0001 | |||||
| College or above | 596 (16.2) | 2885 (22.6) | 222 (14.8) | 31 (9.1) | 3734 (20.4) | |
| Urbanicity of living area | <0.01 | |||||
| Rural | 929 (25.2) | 3144 (24.6) | 409 (27.3) | 99 (29) | 4581 (25) | |
| Town | 10,000 (27.1) | 3532 (27.6) | 442 (29.5) | 100 (29.3) | 5074 (27.7) | |
| Urban | 1757 (47.7) | 6111 (47.8) | 647 (43.2) | 142 (41.6) | 8657 (47.3) | |
| Immigrant mothers | 688 (18.7) | 1638 (12.8) | 63 (4.2) | 6 (1.8) | 2395 (13.1) | <0.0001 |
| Marital status (yes) | 3560 (96.6) | 12510 (97.8) | 1463 (97.7) | 323 (94.7) | 17,856 (97.5) | <0.0001 |
| Employment status at 6 months postpartum (returned to work) | 1986 (53.9) | 7709 (60.3) | 862 (57.5) | 182 (53.4) | 10,739 (58.6) | <0.0001 |
Data are presented as mean (SD), numbers (%) or medians. * By chi-square test or ANOVA.